Schrödinger’s Cat, wily feline that it is, made a cameo in yesterday’s Affordable Care Act opinion. Rebutting a point made by the dissent, the panel majority observed:

The dissenting opinion’s theory of the “law that does nothing” results in some bizarre metaphysical conclusions. The ACA was signed into law in 2010. No one questions that when it was signed, § 5000A was an exercise of legislative power. Yet today, the dissenting opinion asserts, § 5000A is not an exercise of legislative power. So did Congress exercise legislative power in 2010, as seen from 2015? As seen from 2018? Does § 5000A ontologically re-emerge should a future Congress restore the shared responsibility payment? Perhaps, like Schrödinger’s cat, § 5000A exists in both states simultaneously. The dissenting opinion does not say. Our approach requires no such quantum musings.

Slip op. at 43 n.38 (emphasis added).

The Fifth Circuit has ruled in the closely-watched constitutional challenge to the Affordable Care Act, Texas v. United States, No. 19-10011 (Dec. 18, 2019). The panel majority opinion, written by Judge Elrod and joined by Judge Englehardt, held:

First, there is a live case or controversy because the intervenor-defendant states have standing to appeal and, even if they did not, there remains a live case or controversy between the plaintiffs and the federal defendants. Second, the plaintiffs have Article III standing to bring this challenge to the ACA; the individual mandate injures both the individual plaintiffs, by requiring them to buy insurance that they do not want, and the state plaintiffs, by increasing their costs of complying with the reporting requirements that accompany the individual mandate. Third, the individual mandate is unconstitutional because it can no longer be read as a tax, and there is no other constitutional provision that justifies this exercise of congressional power. Fourth, on the severability question, we remand to the district court to provide additional analysis of the provisions of the ACA as they currently exist.

(emphasis added). Judge King dissented, stating: “I would vacate the district court’s order because none of the plaintiffs have standing to challenge the coverage requirement. And although I would not reach the merits or remedial issues, if I did, I would conclude that the coverage requirement is constitutional, albeit unenforceable, and entirely severable from the remainder of the Affordable Care Act.”

Appellants complained about the treatment of their claims by the system established to resolve the “Chinese-Manufactured Drywall Products Liability Multi-District Litigation.”  They contended that “a disagreement with the District Court’s interpretation and application of the settlement agreement invalidates the waivers” of appeal rights in that agreement. The Fifth Circuit disagreed, concluding that this argument “negates the entire purpose of the appeal waiver and would render these agreed upon terms meaningless,” and reminding that to make such a waiver, “a party need only understand the right to appeal that is given up, not all the facts relating to all potential challenges that could be raised on appeal.” Asch v. Gebrueder Knauf, No. 18-31223 (Dec. 12, 2019, unpublished).

A $61,000 jury verdict for allegedly unfair debt collection practices turned on whether the debt at issue was a consumer debt; specifically, whether “the jury could reasonably infer that the Synchrony Bank dept at issue was the QVC credit card, which was used exclusively for personal purchases, and, therefore, a consumer debt.” Jones v. Portfolio Recovery Associates LLC, No 18-50703 (Dec. 12, 2019, unpubl.) The Fifth Circuit reversed the trial court’s grant of JMOL on this issue, rejecting four arguments by the defendant that involved “two jury functions: drawing inferences and making credibility determinations.” The Court concluded: “Though it may have been simpler for Jones to explicitly connect these dots for the jury, her failure to do so is not enough to overturn the jury’s verdict. We permit—and in fact implore—juries to process contradictory information and make inferences to reach a verdict. And that is what this jury did. It was not the clearest path to victory for Jones, but it was a reasonable path, which is all we require.”

Plaintiff, suing in his capacity as “God of the Earth Realm” and “Trust Protector of the American Indian Tribe of משֶׁ ה Moses,” complained of, inter alia, conspiracy between the United States and Louisiana to monopolize “intergalactic foreign trade” and sought a “declaration of rights guaranteed . . . by the 1795 Spanish Treaty with the Catholic Majesty of Spain.” Perhaps a Martian or Venusian court will have jurisdiction over his claim, but the Western District of Louisiana does not, as the Fifth Circuit affirmed its finding that it lacked jurisdiction “because the claim[s] asserted [are] so attenuated and unsubstantial as to be absolutely devoid of merit.” Atakapa Indian de Creole Nation v. Louisiana, No. 19-30032 (Dec. 10, 2019).

Three provocative cases are set for en banc consideration by the full Fifth Circuit (with some minor variations due to recusals and senior-judge participation) on January 22-23, 2020:

• Thomas v. Bryant, No. 19-60133, a Voting Rights Act case about a state senate district in the Mississippi Delta;
• Brackeen v. Bernhardt, No. 18-11479, which presents an important Indian law issue interwoven with fundamental administrative law concepts; and
• Williams v. Taylor Seidenbach, Inc., No. 18-31159, an effort to resolve the “finality trap” about appeals from from trial-court rulings made without prejudice.

The Fifth Circuit found that the Ex Parte Young exception to Eleventh-Amendment immunity (Mr. Young appears to the right) did not apply to the Texas Attorney General’s potential enforcement of a statute that was in conflict with a City of Austin ordinance: “[N]one of the cases the City cites to demonstrate the Attorney General’s ‘habit’ of intervening in suits involving municipal ordinances to ‘enforce the supremacy of state law’ have any overlapping facts with this case or are even remotely related to the Ordinance. And the mere fact that the Attorney General has the authority to enforce § 250.007 cannot be said to ‘constrain’ the City from enforcing the Ordinance. The City simply provides no evidence that the Attorney General may “similarly bring a proceeding” to enforce § 250.007: that he has chosen to intervene to defend different statutes under different circumstances does not show that he is likely to do the same here. . . . Thus, we find that Attorney General Paxton lacks the requisite ‘connection to the enforcement’ of § 250.007.” City of Austin v. Paxton, No. 18-50646 (Dec. 4, 2019).

“Here, however, we have an appeal from grant of a motion to dismiss without prejudice to refile. It is not a final judgment because ‘the district court did not adjudicate or dispose of any substantive issues on the merits.'” The King-Morocco v. Banner of N.O., L.L.C., No. 19-30323 (Nov. 27, 2019) (unpubl.) (citations omitted).

The GSA’s page about the John Minor Wisdom Courthouse offers a free poster for download of the building’s striking “Great Hall.”

The Fifth Circuit affirmed a Tax Court decision about a $52 million “bad debt” deduction, observing: “Baker Hughes’ authorities all involved a bona fide debt. … No authority shown to us holds that a bad-debt deduction applies to a guarantor’s payment on a guarantee that does not create a debtor-creditor relationship with the party whose original obligation is extinguished.” Baker Hughes Inc. v. United States, No. 18-20585 (Nov. 21, 2019).

Diece-Lisa Indus., Inc. v. Disney Enterprises, Inc., a dispute about trademark rights related to “Lots-O’-Huggin’ Bear” (right), analyzed whether the disposition of several consolidated cases on personal-jurisdiction grounds could be reviewed. After reviewing the specific claims and the applicable standards, the Fifth Circuit “conclude[d] that we have jurisdiction to review the interlocutory orders . . . because they can be ‘regarded as merged into the final judgment terminating'” one of the case numbers. It then affirmed, finding that the plaintiffs’ “franchise theory” (a kind of single-business-enterprise argument) lacked merit, and that a nonexclusive license agreement also was not, by itself, a basis for jurisdiction. No. 17-41268 (Nov. 19, 2019).

• In the 1200s, Henry III was protected from suit by sovereign immunity, as chronicled by the prolific Bracton;
• In the 1780s, “Brutus,” the Anti-Federalist, debated with Alexander Hamilton about whether the Constitution would undermine sovereign immunity by allowing debilitating federal-court lawsuits against states about Revolutionary War debts;
• The Eleventh Amendment was ratified in 1796 to address those concerns and prevent, inter alia, federal-court suits “prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State . . . .” (emphasis added);
• Some time later, Kathie Cutrer sued the Tarrant County Local Workforce Development Board, in federal court under federal law, for discriminating against her because of severe back problems;
• The Fifth Circuit reversed the dismissal of her claim on sovereign-immunity grounds, observing, inter alia: “Because Tarrant County, the City of Arlington, and the City of Fort Worth are not the State of Texas, they obviously cannot confer the State’s sovereign immunity upon a board by interlocal agreement. They can’t give what they don’t have.” (emphasis added). Cutrer v. Tarrant County Local Workforce Development Board, No. 18-11092 (Nov. 22, 2019) (Oldham J., joined in the judgment only by Graves and Wiener, JJ.)  (Footnote 1 of the opinion also explains why Texas refers to a county adminstrator as a “county judge,” tracing the answer to the position of “alcalde” in Spanish law.)

In Williams v. TH Healthcare Ltd., No. 19-20134 (Nov. 14, 2019, unpubl.), the Fifth Circuit made two broadly-applicable points about the deadline running from receipt of an EEOC right-to-sue letter:

• Extra days for the weekend. Williams received a right-to-sue letter for her Title VII and ADA claims on July 29, 2018. The ninety-day deadline for filing suit fell on Saturday, October 27, 2018. Williams thus had until the following Monday, October 29, 2018, to file suit. Williams filed suit that day. Her lawsuit was therefore timely and the district court erred in dismissing it.
• Substantive, but not jurisdictional. “he district court concluded that it “d[id] not have jurisdiction over Dovie Williams’s claims because she did not sue within ninety days of receiving the [right-to-sue] letter.” The ninety-day filing requirement, however, “is not a jurisdictional prerequisite, but more akin to a statute of limitations.” Harris v. Boyd Tunica, Inc., 628 F.3d 237, 239 (5th Cir. 2010). The court therefore treats the district court’s order as a dismissal of Williams’s claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failing to comply with the ninety-day filing requirement.

A mismatch between counsel’s activity and the results obtained led to a substantial revision of the “lodestar” in Portillo v. Permanent Workers LLC, No. 18-31238 (Nov. 11, 2018) (unpublished): “[A] drastic reduction from the requested fees is called for by deleting some of the hours consumed and otherwise departing from the lodestar. Spending tens of thousands of dollars to recover $1305 makes little sense. Although the degree of success may not be the only factor considered, it weighs heavily here, particularly since no overarching principle was vindicated, no problem solved.” (citations omitted). (Above, a picture of a Lockheed C-60 “Lodestar”, a civilian airliner and military transport during World War II.)

“Since the issue of whether the district court applied the correct state’s law to resolve the matters before it is of primary importance in determining whether the district court ultimately reached the correct result in granting Gray’s request for summary judgment, we reject Gray’s categorization of its appeal as ‘conditional.’ Either the district court applied the correct law, or it did not. Whether the district court applied the correct law cannot and does not revolve on whether it reached a result that benefits Gray. Thus, we will address the propriety of the district court’s decision to apply Texas law regardless of whether we agree with the court’s conclusion under Texas law.” Aggreko LLC v. Chartis Specialty Ins. Co., No. 18-40325 (Nov. 11, 2019).

“[T]he plain language of the [Louisiana Lease of Movables Act] forbids a lessor from both repossessing leased equipment and collecting accelerated future rental payments. Because the Lease’s liquidated damages clause authorizes just this combination of remedies, the district court properly held it unenforceable. We, like the district court, ‘agree[] with Prince that lessors cannot be allowed to circumvent Louisiana law by simply including a lease provision allowing liquidated damages in the amount of future rent payments.’” Bank of the West v. Prince, No. 18-30970 (Nov. 12, 2019).

The en banc Fifth Circuit will consider the panel opinion in Williams v. Taylor-Seidenbach, Inc., No. 18-31159 (Aug. 15, 2019), which continued to find a lack of appellate jurisdiction over a dispute because of the so-called “finality trap.” In a previous appeal, the Court found a lack of appellate jurisdiction over an order after three defendants had been dismissed without prejudice. The plaintiff returned to district court and obtained a new order directing dismissal with prejudice (with some caveats), but to no avail: “[T]he rule 54(b) judgment did not retroactively transform the prior without-prejudice dismissals into with-prejudice dismissals. . . . [T]he finality trap, which was found to bar appellate jurisdiction in Williams I, remains shut.”  Judge Haynes’s concurrence in the panel opinion asked for en banc review of the Fifth Circuit’s cases on this topic.

Jones, the heir of a former member of the Dixie Cups, a Louisiana-based musical group, sued the Artist Rights Enforcement Corporation in Louisiana for mishandling royalties. The Fifth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of Jones’s case for lack of personal jurisdiction, observing:

• The contract was not signed in Louisiana;
• “Even if the contract was discussed and drafted in Louisiana, the exchange of communications in carrying out a contract is not enough to establish personal jurisdiction”;
• Jones had nothing to do with any Louisiana-based discussions in any event;
• “When royalties were collected, they were sent to New York and stored in a New York bank”; and
• “Although AREC sent payments to Louisiana, this [was] . . . only because [the former band member] resided there, which fails to establish purposeful minimum contacts.”

Jones v. Artists Rights Enf. Corp., No. 19-30374 (Oct. 22, 2019) (unpublished).

The full Fifth Circuit has voted to rehear Brackeen v. Bernhardt, an important case about the Indian Child Welfare Act with broader ramifications for administrative law generally. Judge Ho is recused; Senior Judge Wiener will join the en banc court for this case because he served on the panel.

The Fifth Circuit reversed an OSHA determination that a company had failed to justify an untimely response, noting that under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(1) (which OSHA has adopted for this particular situation): “The excusable neglect inquiry is not limited to whether a party’s mistake caused the delay, such cause being expressed in the term ‘neglect,’ but equally concerns whether the party’s mistake or omission was ‘excusable.’ Focusing narrowly on whether a party is at fault for the delay and denying relief if it bears any blame clearly conflicts with Pioneer‘s more lenient and comprehensive standard.” Coleman Hammons Constr. Co. v. OSHA, No. 18-60559 (Nov. 6, 2019).

“Appellants argue that, by finding disgorgement a ‘penalty’ under [28] § 2462, Kokesh necessarily also decided that disgorgement is not an equitable remedy courts may impose in SEC enforcement proceedings. We disagree. Kokesh itself expressly declined to address that question, and so our precedent upholding district court authority to order disgorgement controls.” SEC v. Team Resources Inc., No. 18-10931 (Nov. 5, 2019).

UCC section 9.404(a)(2) say that “the rights of an assignee are subject to . . . any other defense or claim of the account debtor against the assignor that accrues before the account debtor receives a notification of the assignment authenticated by the assignor or the assignee.” Applying this provision, the Fifth Circuit held: “Filing a financing statement does not provide actual notice. Without an inquiry duty, [debtor]’s failure to find the financing statement is not ‘actual notice.’ Because the facts presented do not support the conclusion of actual notice, the district court should have granted judgment in favor of [debtor].” Finserv Casualty Co. v. Symetra Life Ins. Co., No. 18-20245 (Oct. 29, 2019). The Court acknowledged that a sufficient factual record could establish actual notice, but found that this one did not do so: “Although [debtor] knew that the payments might be assigned, and even if it knew that such payments were routinely assigned in the structured-settlement industry, it could not have had more than a suspicion that the payments had in fact been assigned.”

An excellent recent article in Law360 summarizes the state of the sometimes-Byzantine structure of Texas’s intermediate appellate courts. The article is behind Law360’s paywall but my remarks are below:

The Fifth Circuit affirmed a preliminary injunction that enforced a (reformed) noncompetition agreement under Louisiana law, observing, inter alia:

• The reformed scope was acceptable. “Rogillio’s non-compete provision specified particular parishes and the municipality of New Orleans. The reformation served only to narrow the provision’s scope by removing catch-all clauses that went beyond the listed parishes, not to identify specific parishes after the fact”; and
• Parol evidence was admissible to resolve an ambiguity in the agreement about the significance of the defendant’s physical presence in the relevant parishes, as the agreement’s integration clause dealt with a different and distinct issue.

Brock Services LLC v. Rogillio, 936 F.3d 290 (5th Cir. 2019).

In a case about whether a debtor’s discharge order could be enforced in a district other than the one that entered the order – a difficult question generating much analysis over the years – the Fifth Circuit “adopt[s] the language of the Second Circuit that returning to the issuing bankruptcy court to enforce an injunction is required at least in order to up hold ‘respect for judicial process.’  The bankruptcy court erred in holding that it could address contempt for violations of injunctions arising from discharges by bankruptcy courts in other districts. Therefore, as to . . . those debtors whose discharges were entered by courts in other districts, the bankruptcy court in these proceedings has no authority to enforce the resulting injunction.” Crocker v. Navient Solutions LLC, No. 18-20254 (Oct. 21, 2019) (citation omitted). This holding was fatal to an effort to bring a class action about the alleged mishandling of a type of student-loan debt.

David Russell paid money to Ellen Yarrell, and by doing so argued that he discharged a debt to his ex-wife Janna Russell. The Fifth Circuit agreed with the district court that this payment was ineffective because Yarrell was not Janna’s agent at the time,

As to express agency, the relevant court order required  that any negotiable instrument “shall be made payable to ‘Janna Russell’ only and shall not have any other endorsement.” As to apparent agency, while Yarrell was still an attorney of record for Janna at the time, that general relationship did not control over David’s specific awareness that Yarrell was not authorized to serve as Janna’s agent on this specific issue. Russell v. Russell, No. 18-20643  (Oct. 21, 2019).

Practice tip: The Court noted the black-letter principles that “whether . . . authority exists ‘depends on some communication by the principal either to the agent (actual or express authority) or to the third party (apparent or implied authority).’ It does not depend on whether the principal benefits from the transaction.“ (citation omitted, emphasis added). The Court noted, though, that neither party had raised the issue of ratification. Principles of restitution could also potentially come into play depending on the relationship between the alleged principal and agent.

“This case is a perfect example of when we should certify cases, and why certification is valuable. We are presented with a question of pure statutory interpretation on a recurring issue of interest to citizens and businesses across Texas. What’s more, it is a question that divided judges on this court. As reflected in our competing concurring opinions, different judges on this court have disagreed about whether the district court correctly interpreted the Texas Sales Representative Act (“TSRA”). But we all agreed that reasonable minds could differ. So rather than provide a partial answer—binding only litigants who file in federal court, not those in state court— we instead certified the question to the Supreme Court of Texas, which can speak with authority for all litigants, in state and federal court alike. We now have that answer, and accordingly affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.” JCB Inc. v. Horsburgh & Scott Co., No. 17-51023 (Oct. 17, 2019).

The Fifth Circuit will not ordinarily grant a writ of mandamus about the erroneous denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. But in In re Gee, a sweeping challenge to Louisiana’s abortion laws, the Court observed:

“Here, the combination of five federalism concerns makes this a special circumstance and distinguishes it from an ordinary case: (1) A sovereign State is requesting the writ; (2) Plaintiffs seek sweeping review of an entire body of state law; (3) Plaintiffs seek structural injunctions that would give the district court de facto control of state law; (4) the type of discovery waiting on the other side of Louisiana’s motion to dismiss is categorically different than what awaits an ordinary civil litigant; and (5) the ordinary civil litigant cannot demand attorneys’ fees from the State’s taxpayers.”

The Court declined to grant the writ at this stage and after its detailed analysis of the relevant issues, observing

“. . . two reasons. First, it’s not clear from the district court’s order how it would resolve the State’s jurisdictional challenge. And second, much of the State’s argument in its mandamus petition goes beyond jurisdiction. In particular, the State argues that Plaintiffs’ “cumulative-effects challenge” is not cognizable. But that challenge might change after the district court conducts its claim-by-claim analysis of Plaintiffs’ standing. So in our view, resolution of whether that challenge is cognizable should await the district court’s jurisdictional analysis.”

No. 19-30353 (Oct. 18, 2019).

The Cenacs sued Orkin after Formosan termites damaged their house. Based largely on the contract documents, the Fifth Circuit affirmed summary judgment for Orkin, with the exception of the Cenacs’ negligence claim:

None of the contracts between the Cenacs and Orkin—the 1991 Agreement, the CPP, or the SSA—required Orkin to recommend, instruct, or direct its customers on how to remedy conditions conducive to termite infestation. . . .  Under these circumstances, the Cenacs’ claim that Orkin recommended installation of a vapor barrier and approved its allegedly negligent installation does not involve the breach of a specific contractual duty. Rather, Orkin undertook the task of recommending and directing installation of a vapor barrier, which . . . it had no obligation to do under its contracts with the Cenacs.

Cenac v. Orkin LLC, No. 18-31121 (Oct. 18, 2019).

The EPA approved Louisiana’s plan for controlling haze; both environmental and industry groups protested. The Fifth Circuit affirmed the EPA’s approval under the “arbitrary and capricious” standard of review.

As to industry: “We afford ‘significant deference’ to agency decisions involving analysis of scientific data within the agency’s technical expertise. The EPA’s selection of a model to measure air pollution levels is precisely that type of decision. The EPA therefore did not act arbitrarily and capriciously in relying on the CALPUFF model to approve Louisiana’s [statutorily-required] determinations.”

As to environmental groups: “Louisiana’s explanation of its . . . determination . . . omitted two of the five mandatory factors and failed to compare—or even set out—the numbers for the costs and benefits of the control options Louisiana considered. Louisiana also failed to explain how its decision accounted for the EPA-submitted analyses that pointed out substantial flaws in other analyses in the administrative record. But applying the deferential standards of the Administrative Procedures Act to the facts of this case, we hold that the EPA’s approval of Louisiana’s [plan] was not arbitrary and capricious.” Sierra Club v. EPA, No. 18-60116 (Oct. 3, 2019).

Walker and Ameriprise Financial, pursuant to their agreement, arbitrated their dispute under FINRA rules. Walker argued that the panel “exceeded its powers,” and thus fell within a statutory ground for vacatur of the arbitration award. The Fifth Circuit disagreed: “’An arbitrator exceeds his powers [under § 10(a)(4)] if he acts contrary to express contractual provisions.’ Walker does not argue that the panel violated any express provisions of the arbitration agreement, but only that it incorrectly applied [FINRA] Rule 13504.” Walker v. Ameriprise Fin. Servcs., Inc., No. 18-11641 (Oct. 9, 2019) (unpublished).

After an unsuccessful detour to the High Court of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, a plaintiff tried to appeal an award from the Western District of Texas of $26,726 in costs under Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(d) (“Costs of a Previously Dismissed Action”), along with a related order that administratively closed the Texas matter until the costs were paid. The Fifth Circuit found it had no jurisdiction because: (1) administrative closure is not a final judgment; (2) the collateral-order doctrine did not apply, “[s]ince there is no indication that the ordered costs could not be paid and later recovered upon a successful appeal of a final judgment,” and (3) mandamus was not available, especially when: “[A]ppellants here do not allege that they are unable to pay. Unwillingness to pay based on disagreement with the district court’s decision is insufficient. Appellants can obtain relief through direct appeal after a final judgment.” Sammons v. Economou, No. 18-50932 (Oct. 10, 2019).

A substantial body of law, focused on the requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, defines the appropriate level of specificity for a plaintiff’s complaint. Pleading specificity can interact with other bodies of law as well, such as insurance coverage, where additional detail can affect an “eight-corners” analysis of whether the allegations fall within coverage. Another illustrative, if infrequent, situation appeared in the FCA case of United States ex rel. Hendrickson v. Bank of America, N.A., where a plaintiff’s lack of detail fed into the defendants’ defense of public disclosure: “Not disputing that the six documents constituted public disclosures, Hendrickson claims they do not disclose substantially the same allegations as his complaint because they do not reference DNEs or name specific banks. The banks respond that the documents’ disclosures are as specific as the complaint, which fails to allege particular instances of their receiving DNEs or differentiate allegations made against each defendant.” No. 18-11472 (Oct. 7, 2019).

A party sought to appeal a ruling in a forfeiture action about the M/V Galactica Star (distinct from the Battlestar Galactica, right); the Fifth Circuit dismissed for lack of jurisdiction: “Although a “Final Judgment” was signed and entered in district court, it did not reference Rule 54(b), did not include any language taken from the rule,and did not express the sentiments contained within the rule. The only document referenced in the judgment was the Government’s motion to strike, which did not mention Rule 54(b), the language of the rule, partial finality, or immediate appealability.” United States v. The MV Galactica Star, No. 18-20781 (Oct. 1, 2019). Cf. Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191 (Tex. 2001) (“[W]hen there has not been a conventional trial on the merits, an order or judgment is not final for purposes of appeal unless it actually disposes of every pending claim and party or unless it clearly and unequivocally states that it finally disposes of all claims and all parties.” (emphasis added)).

While focused on the intricate McDonnell-Douglas burden-shifting framework (a structure described in more than one Fifth Circuit opinion as “kudzu-like“), Garcia v. Professional Contract Servcs. Inc provides general insight about creation of a genuine issue of material fact.

As to the plaintiff’s prima facie case, all parties agreed that “proximity in time” – the passage of only 76 days between the plaintiff’s protected whistleblowing activity and termination – was sufficient to meet this burden.

As to pretext, while temporal proximity alone is not enough, the Fifth Circuit found a genuine issue of fact when the plaintiff pointed to: “(1) temporal proximity between his protected activity and his firing; (2) his dispute of the facts leading up to his termination; (3) a similarly situated employee who was not terminated for similar conduct; (4) harassment from his supervisor after the company knew of his protected whistleblowing conduct; (5) the ultimate stated reason for the company’s termination of [plaintiff] had been known to the company for years; and (6) the company stood to lose millions of dollars if its conduct was discovered.” The Court also disagreed with the district court about whether the “similarly situated” employee identified by the plaintiff qualified as such, noting that while they worked in different divisions: “Rodas and Garcia had identical jobs, reported to the same people, had a similar history of infractions, and both made mistakes overseeing Job 560.” No. 18-50144 (Sept. 11, 2019).

Are unpublished opinions introducing murkiness into a legal issue? Rein them in with Garcia v. Professional Contract Servcs., Inc., No. 18-50144, (Sept. 11, 2019), which:

1. Limited their holdings: “The company points to a couple of unpublished decisions of our court that have flagged the circuit split over this issue. These decisions do not reference the binding Fifth Circuit precedent on this point because they did not need to: both decisions resolved the cases before them on other grounds.” (citations omitted); and
2. Dismissed their precedential value: “To the extent some unpublished cases have introduced murkiness into the case law in this area, that confusion should be resolved by applying our binding precedent.”

600Camp and 600Commerce are recognized in the first-ever list of “Texas Trailblazers,” as just published by Texas Lawyer!

If you are litigating a Texas contract-law case and feel the need to scratch an equitable itch – don’t: “The Supreme Court of Texas has observed that the interpretive role of judges ‘is to be neither generous nor parsimonious’ but unswervingly faithful to what the words actually say. Looser atextual readings may scratch an equitable itch, or at times seem more pragmatic. But the Texas High Court adheres to this centuries-old principle—’law, without equity, though hard and disagreeable, is much more desirable for the public good, than equity without law: which would make every judge a legislator, and introduce the most infinite confusion.’ Texas precedent is no-nonsense about giving words their most forthright, contextual meaning. Plain language forbids judicial ad-libbing. Here, the text is clear. And, at least in Texas, clear text = controlling text.” Weaver v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., No. 18-10517 (Sept. 20, 2019).

On October 1, the term of Hon. Priscilla Owen begins as Chief Judge of the Fifth Circuit. The Court’s official press release provides background information. Every best wish to Chief Judge Owen in this important position.

In Simmons v. Pacific Bells LLC, the Fifth Circuit reversed a summary judgment against a Taco Bell employee who claimed he was retaliated against for going to jury duty. In particular –

He raised specific facts indicating that his termination for tardiness may have been pretextual. First, Simmons was tardy less often than other coworkers, yet those coworkers were not terminated and did not suffer adverse employment action. Second, he was never once warned about his tardiness prior to his termination. Third, Simmons demonstrated that some of his tardiness resulted from Pacific Bells’s business practices. Fourth, he was terminated immediately following his jury service. Fifth, the individual who told Simmons to lie recommended his termination and was present for it. Sixth, the individual who terminated Simmons stated in an email that she had “several different routes I can go with his termination. . . . I want to focus on [his] excessive tardiness.” In sum, the timing of Simmons’s termination, combined with the arguably pretextual rationale for his firing, could lead a reasonable jury to conclude that he was fired as a result of his refusal to lie to avoid jury service.

The Court declined to address a related issue about the scope of the “interested witness” doctrine in summary-judgment practice. No. 19-60001 (Sept. 27, 2019) (unpublished).

The Fifth Circuit (minus the two Mississippi judges, who are) voted to take en banc the difficult voting rights case of Thomas v. Bryant, No. 19-60133 (as revised, Sept. 3, 2019), which also presents important issues about justiciability and appellate procedure. At the panel level, all three judges wrote opinions.

The district court held a jury trial on whether Gilbert Galan had notice of Valero Energy’s (his employer) arbitration program.  Valero called the arbitation program “Dialogue”; the jury charge asked whether “Valero prove[d] by a preponderance of the evidence that it gave unequivocal notice to Gilbert Galan, Jr. of definite changes in employment terms regarding Valero’s Dialogue program[,]” Additionally, an instruction said that the “sole issue in this trial is whether Defendant[] Valero . . . notified plaintiff of the arbitration program and its mandatory nature.” Galan objected that the question did not have the word “arbitration”; “[h]is point is that the jury could have concluded Galan knew about the Dialogue Program as a whole, but not the part of it requiring arbitration.” The Fifth Circuit found no abuse of discretion in denying that request, especially given the instruction accompanying the question. Galan v. Valero Services, Inc., No. 19-400753 (Sept. 23, 2019) (unpublished).

The 600Camp blog celebrates its birthday this week, and invites you to join the festivity with some shrimp remoulade; here’s the recipe from Galatoire’s so you can spice up your week!

Another discovery dispute in litigation about governance of the airport in Jackson, Mississippi (a previous proceeding involved a mandamus proceeding related to the deposition of the governor’s chief of staff) arose from subpoenas to several legislators, who asserted legislative privilege in response. The Fifth Circuit found that the plaintiffs lacked standing (“The plaintiffs cite no precedent supporting their theory that Jackson voters have a right to elect officials with the exclusive authority to select municipal airport commissioners”), and that this issue was properly raised even during an interlocutory appeal of a collateral order: “[E]ven nonparty witnesses refusing to comply with a discovery order may challenge standing . . . because ‘the subpoena power of a court cannot be more extensive than its jurisdiction.'” Stallworth v. Bryant, No. 18-60587 (Aug. 21, 2019).

Cleveland v. Bell was a wrongful death claim, asserted under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which turned on the allegation that a prison nurse was indifferent to the decedent’s calls for help. The trial court denied qualified immunity to the nurse and the Fifth Circuit reversed: “[W]e find no evidence that . . . Nurse Bell subjectively ‘dr[e]w the inference’ that Cleveland was experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency. The record contains statements from Nurse Bell indicating that she thought there was nothing wrong with Cleveland and believed he was faking illness.But nothing suggests that these statements reflected anything other than her sincere opinion at the time. Even if we construe her statements in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, they are insufficient to establish that Nurse Bell knew how serious the situation was.” No. 18-30968 (Sept. 13, 2019) (emphasis added).

A surprisingly subtle problem can arise under secction 2.316 of the UCC when a party urges a role for implied warranties, even though the parties’ agreement contains express ones. A comment to that section advises: “The situation in which the buyer gives precise and complete specifications as to the seller is not explicitly covered in this section, but this is a frequent circumstance by which the implied warranties may be excluded.”  In Baker Hughes v. UE Compression, the Fifth Circuit found such a situation when:

. .. this Agreement included 18 single-space pages of Baker Hughes’s Specification and a 21-page responsive set of specifications comprising UE’s Quote. Baker Hughes ordered exactly what it required in the boosters. Other contractual provisions cited above confirm Baker Hughes’s ultimate responsibility for the design, its duty to supply technical information, its ability to modify specs during the fabrication, and its right to approve any drawings or specifications prepared by UE

Mo. 17-20709 (Sept. 12, 2019) (Our firm’s state-court brief on the topic in an unrelated case shows some of the potential complexities about this UCC issue.)

The Flying Dutchman is a mythical ship that forever travels the seas, unable to find a port. Conn Appliances, Inc. v. Williams presents a similar tale about a dispute involving a retail installment contract. Williams sued Conn in Tennessee, realized that he had an arbitration agreement in his contract, and then dismissed his suit in favor of arbitration in Tennessee (the clause required arbitration “near his residence”). Williams won; he filed suit in Tennessee to enforce the award while Conn filed sued in its home state of Texas to vacate it (the clause allowed confirmation in “any court with jurisdiction”). The Fifth Circuit agreed that Williams was not subject to personal jurisdiction in Texas, and affirmed the dismissal of that action. Conn protested that it was not subject to jurisdiction in Tennessee, and the Court observed: “[E]ven if the Western District of Tennessee is not the proper forum, the lack of jurisdiction over Conn in another forum does not mean that the Southern District of Texas has personal jurisdiction over Williams.” No. 19-20139 (Sept. 4, 2019).

An accounting firm successfully defended against a malpractice claim by relying on Mississippi’s “minutes rule,” under which “Mississippi courts will not give legal effect to a contract with a public board unless the board’s approval of the contract is reflected in its minutes.” After losing a summary judgment, the plaintiff (a county hospital) “attempted to submit additional evidence into the record to prove the existence of a professional relationship with Horne—namely, minutes from the board’s regular session meetings on January 19, 2011 and March 16, 2011, as well as minutes from the board’s executive session meetings. . . . The Medical Center admitted, however, that this evidence was in fact not new at all—the Center had access to its own minutes throughout the proceedings. It nevertheless sought to excuse its tardiness on the ground that the minutes became relevant only when the district court granted summary judgment to Horne.” (emphasis added). The district court rejected that explanation, and so did the Fifth Circuit. Lefoldt v. Horne LLP, No. 18-60581 (Sept. 6, 2019).

The full Fifth Circuit engaged the boundaries of the administrative state in Collins v. Mnuchin. A 9-7 majority of the en banc Court found that the FHFA (the regulator of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) was structured unconstitutionally; a different 9-7 majority found that the appropriate remedy was a go-forward restructure of the agency rather than the unwinding of a significant, previously-ordered financial transaction. (If the below is hard to read in your browser, just click on it to see it full-sized).

Four Republican appointees joined the majority on remedy, two of whom–Judges Owen and Duncan–had joined the majority on constitutionality.

Among the various concurrences and dissents, Judges Ho and Oldham concurred to emphasize the significance of the case to other administrative agencies, while Judges Costa and Higginson dissented on the basis of the plaintiffs’ standing.

The diverse approaches of the Republican-appointed judges underscore the frequent observation on this blog that the term “conservative” is a broad umbrella for different perspectives on distinct aspects of the apparatus of government.

The question in French v. Linn Energy LLC was subordination; the analysis reviewed the Bankruptcy Code’s policy goals: “Section 510(b) serves to effectuate one of the general principles of corporate and bankruptcy law: that creditors are entitled to be paid ahead of shareholders in the distribution of corporate assets.” The Court reviewed this issue: “whether In this case we decide that payments owed to a shareholder by a bankrupt debtor, which are not quite dividends but which certainly look a lot like dividends, should be treated like the equity interests of a shareholder and subordinated to claims by creditors of the debtor,’ and concluded that they should be. No. 18-40369 (Sept. 3, 2019).

A securities-fraud class action lived to fight another day in Broyles v. Commonwealth Advisors: “The district court erred in deciding that plaintiffs lacked standing under Delaware law to bring a direct action against their investment advisers rather than initiating a derivative action in behalf of the hedge funds that the advisers had assembled and managed for fraudulent inducement purposes. The investor plaintiffs adequately supported their motion for partial summary judgment demonstrating their Article III standing with appropriate evidence of their injury-in-fact that arose :immediately upon their purchase of the falsely overvalued securities; were induced and caused by the defendant advisers’ fraudulent advice and solicitations; and likely will be redressed by a favorable decision on the merits.” No. 17-30092 (Aug. 28, 2019).

Conservative thinkers frequently express skepticism about the administrative state, and in particular, the Chevron doctrine about judicial deference to it. A powerful counterpoint to that line of thinking, and an equally orthodox part of conservative philosophy, appears in the Fifth Circuit’s recent opinion in Center for Biological Diversity v. EPA, which found a lack of standing to challenge an EPA discharge permit and reminded: “’For the federal courts to decide questions of law arising outside of cases and controversies would be inimical to the Constitution’s democratic character.’ It would improperly transform courts into ‘roving commissions assigned to pass judgment on the validity of the Nation’s laws’ and agency actions. In our Government, there are entities that address environmental issues outside of the case-or-controversy constraint. This Court is not one of them. As Judge Sentelle put it many years ago: ‘The federal judiciary is not a backseat Congress nor some sort of super-agency.’“ No. 18-60102 (Aug. 30, 2019) (citations omitted).

“Incentive alignment” is a well-known business concept; in law, various types of fee arrangements are often employed to align the financial motivations of lawyer and client. The law is also wary of incentives for injustice, especially when the finances of the justice system become muddled with court procedure. A recent Fifth Circuit opinion joined the list of the clearest examples of such misalignments:

• Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510 (1927), which found a due process violation when a “liquor court,” which prosecuted violations of the state Prohibition Act, allowed the mayor to serve as the judge and convict without a jury. If the mayor found the defendant guilty, some of the fine paid would go towards the mayor’s “costs in each case, in addition to his regular salary”; an acquittal, on the other hand, meant no money to the mayor;
• Brown v. Vance, 637 F.2d 272 (5th Cir. 1981), invalidating the statutory fee system for compensating Mississippi justices of the peace because those judges’ compensation depended on the number of cases filed in their courts (thus incentivizing them to rule for plaintiffs in civil cases and the prosecution in criminal ones to encourage more filings); and now
• Caliste v. Cantrell, No. 18-30954 (Aug. 29, 2019), finding a due process violation “[w]hen a defendant has to buy a commercial surety bond, [and] a portion of the bond’s value goes to a fund for judges’ expenses . . . [so] the more often the magistrate requires a secured money bond as a condition of release, the more money the court has to cover expenses.”

Double Eagle Energy Services filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and then sued two defendants for breach of contract in federal district court. Double Eagle then assigned that claim to one of its creditors; the defendants argued that this assignment destroyed federal subject matter jurisdiction. The Fifth Circuit disagreed, relying upon the “time-of-filing” rule to find that the “related to bankruptcy” jurisdiction existing when the case was filed continued to exist after the assignment. The separate question–whether the district court should nevertheless its exercise discretion to dismiss the case–was remanded, as the Court’s “ordinary practice for discretionary decisions is remanding to ‘allow the district court to exercise its discretion in the first instance.'” Double Eagle Energy Services v. Markwest Utica EMG, No. 19-30207 (Aug. 26, 2019).

A vocational school (RRCC) sought to recover damages from the federal government’s civil forfeiture of $4 million from it, arguing that the seizure without notice put it out of business. the Fifth Circuit found the school’s claims barred by sovereign immunity: “Congress has provided various remedies for claimants like RRCC who assert that the United States has wrongfully seized their property in forfeiture proceedings. Under certain circumstances, claimants who “substantially prevail[ ]” in a forfeiture action may recover attorneys’ fees, costs, and interest.  In some cases, they may sue the United States for property damages under the FTCA. .What claimants may not do, however, is sue the United States for constitutional torts arising out of the property seizure. Congress has not waived the United States’ sovereign immunity for damages claims of that nature. Because RRCC’s counterclaims sought precisely those kinds of damages, we hold its counterclaims are barred by sovereign immunity.” United States v. $4,480,466.16, No. 18-10801 (Aug. 22, 2019), withdrawn and revised (Nov. 5, 2019).

The Fifth Circuit confirmed a district judge’s broad discretion over discovery in JP Morgan Chase Bank v. Datatreasury, a dispute about the scope of postjudgment discovery in a licensing dispute won by Chase. The Court held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in:

• Setting a time period for relevant information, considering the scope of the judgment and the pertinent licensing agreement;
• Focusing the relevant information by reference to the judgment itself rather than the broader definition of a “creditor” under the fraudulent-transfer statutes; and
• Evaluating the “proportionality” of the requested information in light of the expense associated with older records.

No. 18-40043 (Aug. 23, 2019).

Nearly a century ago, the unfortunate Helen Palsgraf  was injured in a Long Island Railroad station; the difficult tort-law issues arising from her injury continue to challenge the courts today.  Martinez v. Walgreens Co. presented the question “whether, under Texas law, a pharmacy owes a duty of care to third parties injured on the road by a customer who was negligently given someone else’s prescription.” The Fifth Circuit answered “no,” considering, inter alia: (1) “[I]t was not sufficiently foreseeable that a pharmacy customer would take the medication in a bottle intended for someone else, notwithstanding that the label listed someone else’s name and a different medication,” and (2) “[T]he Texas legislature has shown itself to be both willing and able to undertake the public policy balancing inherent in extensive regulation of pharmacies’ treatment of prescription drugs.” No. 18-40636 (Aug. 6, 2019).

“Resolving an issue that has brewed for several years in this circuit, we conclude that the TCPA does not apply in diversity cases.” Klocke v. Watson, No. 17-11320 (revised Aug. 29, 2019) (emphasis added). “Because the TCPA imposes evidentiary weighing requirements not found in the Federal Rules, and operates largely without pre-decisional discovery, it conflicts with those rules.”

Assuming the confirmation of Hon. Sul Ozerden of Mississippi, all active-judge positions on the Fifth Circuit will soon be filled. Of the 17 judges, 12 will have been appointed by Republican Presidents (6 by President Trump), and 5 by Democrats. 8 of the 17 judges will have previously served, for some amount of time, as a state or federal trial judge.

En banc votes by the Court, examined with an eye on the political party of the appointing Presidents, can show patterns. For example, in this week’s Cole v. Carson case, the Democrat-appointed judges voted the same way while the Republican-appointed judges divided. (If these slides are hard to read on your browser, clicking on them should bring them to full size and clear resolution):

All former trial judges voted the same way:

Similarly, in the 2017 case of Jauch v. Choctaw County about pretrial detention, all the Court’s Democrat-appointed judges voted against en banc review, while the Republican-appointed ones divided:

And again, all of the Court’s former trial judges voted the same way:

There are many ways to define, characterize, and otherwise describe judges and their philosophies. This quick review suggests that an exclusive focus on political-party association is too narrow.

The Fifth Circuit’s published opinions this week include Municipal Employees’ Retirement System v. Pier One Imports, a large securities case involving the beleaguered stock of the “Pier One” retail chain; the second, Cole v. Carson, is a long-running, hard-fought lawsuit about a police shooting. (The fracturing of the en banc court in Cole will be the subject of an upcoming post.) Despite the gravity of these issues, the Court crafted two wonderful turns of phrase, deserving of a moment’s recognition because they are both fun and effective.

• The business question giving rise to Pier One was whether management had made wise decisions about what products to emphasize; thus, Judge Elrod began the opinion with some wise words from Coco Chanel:

• The dissents in Cole clashed with one another as well as the majority, leading to a “fiery” retort by Judge Willett:

Texas liquor law prohibits a public corporation from holding a “P permit,” which “authorize[s] the sale of liquor, wine, and ale for off-premises consumption.” Wal-Mart successfully challenged this law as a violation of the dormant Commerce Clause.The Fifth Circuit reversed and remanded, making these observations, of general interest beyond this specific dispute, on the issue of legislative intent:

• “Under the law of the Fifth Circuit, evidence that legislators intended to ban potential permittees based on company form alone is insufficient to meet the purpose element of a dormant Commerce Clause claim”;
• “An admission that the drafter sought to create a law that would survive a constitutional challenge is not evidence of a discriminatory legislative purpose”;
• “[O]verreliance on ‘post-enactment testimony’ from actual legislatures is problematic, and not ‘the best indicia of the Texas Legislature’s intent'”; and
• “The motivations and lobbying efforts of the [Texas Package Store are not direct evidence of legislative purpose.”

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission, No. 18-50299 (Aug. 15, 2019).

A long-litigated dispute about arbitrability reached its latest stage in Archer & White Sales, Inc. v. Henry Schein, Inc., on remand from the Supreme Court, in which the Fifth Circuit held: “The most natural reading of the arbitration clause at issue here states that any dispute, except actions seeking injunctive relief, shall be resolved in arbitration in accordance with the AAA rules. The plain language incorporates the AAA rules—and therefore delegates arbitrability—for all disputes except those under the carve-out. Given that carve-out, we cannot say that the Dealer Agreement evinces a ‘clear and unmistakable’ intent to delegate arbitrability.”

As for the Supreme Court’s opinion, the panel said: “We are mindful of the Court’s reminder that ‘[w]hen the parties’ contract delegates the arbitrability question to an arbitrator, the courts must respect the parties’ decision as embodied in the contract.’ But we must also heed its warning that ‘courts “should not assume that the parties agreed to arbitrate arbitrability unless there is clear and unmistakable evidence that they did so.’”‘ The parties could have unambiguously delegated this question, but they did not, and we are not empowered to re-write their agreement.” No. 16-41674 (Aug. 16, 2019).

DeJoria v. Maghreb Petroleum Exploration, S.A. presents, at first blush, an epic dispute in which “[t]he facts of this case are littered across the pages of the Federal Reporter.” A failed oil-development project in Morocco led to a $130 million judgment from the Moroccan courts. But after years of legal wrangling about the enforceability of that judgment in Texas, “despite the seeming complexity of this case—royal intrigue, a foreign proceeding, almost a billion dirhams at stake—it ends up being resolved on one of the most basic principles of appellate law: deference to the factfinder.” After confirming the correct legal framework, the Fifth Circuit found no clear error in the district court’s fact-findings. No. 18-50348 (Aug. 16, 2019).

The viability of a tort claim against T-Mobile, arising from delays in obtaining medical treatment, turned on whether this recent statement by the Texas Supreme Court was “obiter dictum” or “judicial dictum”:

Proximate cause requires both cause in fact and foreseeability. For a condition of property to be a cause in fact, the condition must serve as a substantial factor in causing the injury and without which the injury would not have occurred. When a condition or use of property merely furnishes a circumstance that makes the injury possible, the condition or use is not a substantial factor in causing the injury. To be a substantial factor, the condition or use of the property must actually have caused the injury. Thus, the use of property that simply hinders or delays treatment does not actually cause the injury and does not constitute a proximate cause of an injury.

The Fifth Circuit concluded that the statement was judicial dictum entitled to deference in an Erie analysis, and rendered summary judgment for T-Mobile. Alex v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., No. 18-10555 (June 6, 2019, unpublished) (applying City of Dallas v. Sanchez, 494 S.W.3d 722 (Tex. 2016)). (My Pepperdine Law Review article with the University of Idaho’s Wendy Couture remains a strong summary of the underlying theory.)

The complexity of the modern administrative state produces ornate procedural problems – specifically, in Wynnewood Refining Co. v. OSHRC, the challenge of two parties appealing an administrative-agency ruling to two different federal circuit courts.  The solution, however, is simple, in the form of a strict “first-to-file” rule established by Congress for this problem: “Th[is] first-to-file rule governs even for petitions filed on the same day; indeed, we have applied it even when petitions were filed within a minute of each other.” The Fifth Circuit rebuffed an attempt by the agency to assert its discretion over which petition was filed first, concluding that Congress had drafted this statute to foreclose precisely such discretion. No. 19-60357 (Aug. 2, 2019).

In Brackeen v. Bernhardt, an opinion of enormous significance to Indian law, the Fifth Circuit found the Indian Child Welfare Act to be constitutional, reversing a district-court opinion that held otherwise. The Court also affirmed various Bureau of Indian Affairs regulations under the Chevron doctrine, noting, inter alia: “The mere fact that an agency interpretation contradicts a prior agency position is not fatal. Sudden and unexplained change, or change that does not take account of legitimate reliance on prior interpretation, may be arbitrary, capricious [or] an abuse of discretion. But if these pitfalls are avoided, change is not invalidating, since the whole point of Chevron is to leave the discretion provided by the ambiguities of a statute with the implementing agency.” No. 18-11479 (Aug. 9, 2019) (citation omitted). (My colleague Paulette Miniter and I assisted Professor Seth Davis of UC-Berkeley with an amicus brief in this case, in support of the result ultimately reached by the Court.)

After a five-week trial, three days of deliberation, and an Allen charge, the district court excused Juror No. 7. “[T]he district court found that Juror No. 7 had failed to follow instructions, exhibited a lack of candor during questioning, and had engaged in threatening behavior towards other jurors. Though defendants argue that this juror was removed for reasons that involve the deliberative process, there were sufficient independent reasons for his removal, namely, his lack of candor and his threatening behavior.” The Fifth Circuit followed Circuit precedent that “previously declined to apply the rule used by some circuits that prohibits dismissing a juror unless there is ‘no possibility’ that the failure to deliberate arises from their view of the evidence,” and instead reasons that “when the dismissal is due to a failure to be candid or a refusal to follow instructions, those are grounds that ‘do not implicate the deliberative process.’” United States v. Hodge, No. 17-20720 (Aug. 9, 2019) (applying United States v. Ebron, 683 F.3d 105 (2012)).

Warren claimed that an internal investigation report for her employer, Fannie Mae, was defamatory. The Fifth Circuit affirmed summary judgment for the defense, holding, inter alia, that the report was shielded from liability by a qualified privilege. As to Warren’s argument that the report was made with actual malice, her evidence of “things that the investigator left out of the report” did not meet the demanding standard of showing “that the report was false or recklessly disregarded the truth.”  And as to her argument about excessive distribution of the report, she “offer[ed] no evidence, other than her own speculation, that any person without a valid interest received the report or was made aware of its findings.” Warren v. Fannie Mae, No. 18-11211 (Aug. 2, 2019).

In a remarkable letter last month, some months after an en banc argument, the federal agency at issue in the high-profile case of Collins v. Mnuchin has decided that it is in fact constitutional. The plaintiffs responded that this position shift proved their point.

Longoria, a truck driver in Laredo, prevailed in a 3-day jury trial about his injuries arising from an accident, and won judgment for $2.8 million in total, based on the jury’s awards as to nine types of damages. The Fifth Circuit noted these points, among others, in reviewing the defendant’s appeal of that judgment:

• Sufficiency v. Excessiveness. “The sufficiency challenge asks only whether there is any evidence for a jury’s award; if there is, the judge’s job is at an end. An excessiveness challenge requires more extensive scrutiny, including—as will be seen—consideration of verdicts in similar cases. And we review the district court’s decision on remittitur only for an abuse of discretion. We cannot assess whether such discretion was abused if the district court was not asked to exercise it in the first instance.”
• Federal v. State. In a review for excessiveness: “The state/federal issue is presented because Texas does not use the maximum recovery rule. It instead conducts a more holistic assessment at both stages of the inquiry.”
• Pain. “This pain is significant. But an award of $1 million is ‘contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence,’ given that Longoria can mostly manage the pain by stretching and taking over-the-counter medicine.”
• Anguish. “Longoria points to his fear that he may be unable to keep working as a truck driver. He testified that this occupation is his ‘childhood dream’ and that without it, he could not support his family. But Longoria is cleared to work, and no doctor indicated his ability to work may change in the future. His understandable concern for the future is not the high degree of distress or frequent disruption Texas law requires.”

Longoria v. Hunter Express, No. 17-41042 (Aug. 1, 2019).

Appellants argued that it a securities-registration exemption plainly applied to a transaction; the Fifth Circuit observed: “While the Gleasons now argue that section 4(a)(1)’s applicability is so obvious that the district court committed a clear error of law or manifest injustice, their able lawyers went in a different direction when opposing summary judgment,” and affirmed. Gleason v. Markel Am. Ins. Co, No. 18-40850 (July 30, 2019, unpublished).

Two oft-addressed topics in 2019–the wreckage of Allen Stanford’s Ponzi scheme, and the appropriate deference to district court discretion in complex litigation– intersected in Zacarias v. Stanford Int’l Bank, No. 17-11703-CV (July 22, 2019).

The panel majority affirmed the “bar orders” entered by the district court in connection with a complicated settlement, observing: “The receiver initiated suit, negotiated, and settled with the Willis Defendants and BMB while empowered to offer global peace, that is, to deal with potential investor holdouts like the Plaintiffs-Objectors. These holdouts have been content for the receiver to pursue litigation for their benefit, then to participate as receivership claimants, collecting pro rata. Now, however, they ask to jump the queue, come what may to their fellow claimants who remain within the receivership distribution process.”

The dissent countered: “I share the majority’s appreciation for this settlement’s practical value. But in my view, the district court lacked jurisdiction to grant the bar orders. The Receiver only had standing to assert the Stanford entities’ claims. It could not release other  parties’ claims, or have the court do so, in exchange for a payment to the Stanford estate. For better or worse, the objecting plaintiffs’ claims were beyond the district court’s power.”

“Ordinarily, courts must refrain from interfering with arbitration proceedings. But as our sister circuits have held, and as we now hold today, class arbitration is a ‘gateway’ issue that must be decided by courts, not arbitrators—absent clear and unmistakable language in the arbitration clause to the contrary.” 20/20 Communications, Inc. v. Crawford, No. 1810260 (July 22, 2019).

An insurance company drew the Fifth Circuit’s ire (“Only an insurance company could come up with the policy interpretation advanced here”) in a dispute about coverage for a collision caused by drunk driving. The insurer argued “that drunk driving collisions are not ‘accidents,’ because the decision to drink (and then later drive) was intentional—even though there was admittedly no intent to collide with another vehicle. As Cincinnati points out, a jury found that Sanchez intentionally decided to drive while intoxicated, with ‘actual, subjective awareness’ of the ‘extreme degree of risk, considering the probability and magnitude of the potential harm to others.'” The Court found this argument inconsistent with the common meaning of the term “accident,” and further noted that under this reading of the policy: “[A] collision caused by texting while driving would also not be an accident. A collision caused by eating while driving would not be an accident. And a collision caused by doing makeup while driving would not be an accident.” Frederking v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., No. 18-50536 (July 2, 2019).

The Fifth Circuit denied en banc review of Inclusive Communities v. Lincoln Property Co., 920 F.3d 890 (5th Cir. 2019), which affirmed (over a dissent) the Rule 12 dismissal of Fair Housing Act claims against Dallas-area apartment businesses that declined to participate in the Section 8 program. The votes were as follows:

“Respect for the state system and the strictly circumscribed nature of federal jurisdiction requires our unflagging attention to these limits. We expect the same unflagging attention from litigants who invoke our jurisdiction.” Accordingly, the Fifth Circuit remanded the case of Midcap Media Finance LLC v. Pathway Data, Inc. for  further review of diversity jurisdiction. “The parties in this case failed to properly allege diversity of ciizenship. First, the alleged only that Coulter was a California resident, not that he was a California citizen. Second, because MidCap is an LLC, the pleadings needed to identify MidCap’s members and allege their citizenship.” No. 18-50650 (July 9, 2019) (citations omitted).

A concise case study in when a jury may evaluate contractual intent appears in Apache Corp. v. W&T Offshore, No. 7-20599 (July 16, 2019), in which the parties disputed how their Joint Operating Agreement about an offshore drilling project dealt with a $40 million charge associated with using a particular drilling rig.

On the one hand, section 6.2 said that the operator “shall not make any single expenditure . . . costing $200,000 or more” unless an Authorization for Expenditure (“AFE”) is approved. A related provision, about accounting, says that an “acceptable reason[] for non-payment or short payment” includes the situation “when an AFE is not approved.” The defendant cited these provisions in declining to pay, arguing that it had not an AFE on the subject of the rig.

But the operator cited section 18.4, which addresses government-mandated plugging & abandonment operations, and said that the operator “[s]hall conduct” such activity as “required by a governmental authority,” with “the Costs, risks and net proceeds . . . shared by the Participating Parties in such well . . . .” It argued that the rig was necessary to carry out such activity.

The Fifth Circuit agreed with the district court that “[a]pplying Section 6.2’s expenditure provision to a government-mandated P&A undertaken pursuant to Section 18.4 would lead to an absurd consequence: namely a situation is empowered to hold an operator hostage, preventing the operator from completing a legally required P&A, in order to extract a better bargain or avoid cost-sharing altogether.” Accordingly, whether section 6.2 applied to a section 18.4 undertaking “is ambiguous and was properly put to the jury.”

Tow v. Organo Gold Int’l presented a challenge, in a trade-secrets case, to a damages model based on “avoided costs” rather than “lost profits.” Specifically: “Weingust [Plaintiff’s expert] concluded that the distributor network was worth approximately $3.451 million based on the following two methodologies: the cost approach showed AmeriSciences had incurred about $6.2 million over five years to develop the distributor network, attract new distributors, and retain existing ones. The income approach considers how long income is expected from the asset and the amount of income each year. Weingust concluded the income approach dictated the network would generate $700,327 over ten years. Weingust testified that neither valuation method was better than the other, so he averaged the two to conclude the value of the distributor network was $3.451 million.” This model was consistent with – indeed, expressly allowed by –  GlobeRanger Corp. v. Software AG, 836 F.3d 477, 499 (5th Cir. 2016). No. 18-20394 (July 11, 2019).

After a recent en banc vote, the full Fifth Circuit will engage an important limit on the power of the administrative state. The majority and dissenting opinons in Sierra Club v. Luminant Energy grappled with the “concurrent-remedies doctrine” and whether it created a limitations bar to an action for equitable relief under the Clean Air Act. No. No. 17-10235 (order issued June 10, 2019).

Hard-fought litigation about reform to Texas’s foster-care system led to an injunction, an appeal, a limited remand to revise the injunction, and a renewed appeal. The panel majority affirmed in part and reversed in part, finding, inter alia: (i) the revised injunction exceeded the mandate of the limited remand; (ii) that a requirement affirmed in the appeal was, upon further review, in fact unnecessary; and (iii) that a provision about data use required additional confidentiality safeguards.

A strong dissent protested the overall lack of deference to the district court’s discretion, focusing in particular on a provision about “an integrated computer system to rationalize record keeping.” It argued that by vacating that provision, “the majority completes its walk away from the district court’s interlaced remedial scheme, taking away provisions essential to its success . . . a decision flawed by the evidence and controlling legal principles.”  The dissent further observed: “[The State’s] reflexive resistance to the federal district court’s remedial orders–both direct confrontation and a refusal to cooperate or otherwise participate in the crafting of a response–bespeaks a view of our federalism inverted to look past the unchallenged finding of this court of the State’s deliberate indifference to the constitutional rights of PMC children . . . .”  M.D. v. Abbott, No. 18-40057 (July 8, 2019).

“The complaint alleges that during the April and October 2016 phone calls, the defendants negligently misrepresented to Mr. Dick that ‘reinstatement was not an option’ and that ‘there was nothing [the] Plaintiff could do to stop a foreclosure.’ The plaintiff’s claim that these misrepresentations prevented her from reinstating the loan merely repackages her claim for breach of contract based on the duty to cooperate. It is therefore barred by the economic loss rule.” Dick v. Colorado Housing Enterprises LLC, No. 18-10900 (July 5, 2019) (unpublished).

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

Lake Eugenie Land & Devel. v. BP, the latest in the “body of federal common law in this Circuit” about the Deepwater Horizon settlement, presents both a crisp summary of the mandate rule and a dramatic tale of piracy on the high seas.

Mandate rule. As to the mandate rule, the opinion succinctly summarizes its theoretical basis –

“The mandate rule is a subspecies of the law-of-the-case doctrine: When a court decides a question, it usually decides it once and for all ‘subsequent stages in the same case.’ This doctrine operates on a horizonal plane—constricting a later panel vis-à-vis an earlier panel of the same court.  It also operates on a vertical plane—constricting a lower court vis-à-vis a higher court. The vertical variant is what we call the ‘mandate rule,’ and it’s the kind at issue here.”

(citations omitted), as well as the way to implement it: “The first step is figuring out what our mandate said. . . . The next question is whether the district court deviated from that mandate.” (citations omitted).

Piracy on the high seas. The opinion cites some 19th-Century authority about the foundations of the mandate rule; among them, Himley v. Rose, 9 U.S. (5 Cranch) 313 (1809), which involved a “decree . . . formerly rendered” about the restoration of cargo from the merchant ship Sarah. The earlier opinion, Rose v. Himley, 8 U.S. (4 Cranch) 241 (1808), presents an amazing tale of a load of coffee, sent from the port of Santo Domingo by “brigands” during a slave revolt against the French government, which was then intercepted and seized by a French privateer and sold in Cuba.

Texas Capital Bank sued Zeidman for the alleged breach of a guaranty obligation. The Bank moved for summary judgment; in response, one of Zeidman’s arguments was that the Bank’s claim was barred by quasi-estoppel. He testified that “the Bank orally agreed to accept a $500,000 payment in satisfaction of the Guaranty, Zeidman wired that amount to the Bank, the Bank accepted the payment, and it later demanded additional payment under the Guaranty.” The Bank countered that this defense was barred by the statute of frauds, and the Fifth Circuit agreed that “oral modification of the Guaranty appears to be prohibited by the text of the Guaranty and the statute of frauds . . . .” But the Court found the Bank’s position about the statute of frauds to be inapplicable “because it improperly recharacterizes Zeidman’s affirmative defense as a claim that the underlying Guaranty was modified.” Texas Capital Bank N.A. v. Zeidman, No. 18-1114 (June 27, 2019) (unpubl.)

The Fifth Circuit revised its original opinion in SEC v. Arcturus Corp., reaching the same result (reversal of a summary judgment for the SEC about whether certain investment contracts were securities), while adding significant factual and legal detail about the sophistication of the relevant investors – the issue on which the Court found summary judgment to have been inappropriate. SEC v. Arcturus Corp. (revised), No. 17-10503.

The Fifth Circuit’s unfortunate Erie guess in Priester v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 708 F.3d 667 (5th Cir. 2013), about limitations for an action to quiet title on a home-equity lien, was later rejected by the Texas Supreme Court in Wood v. HSBC Bank USA, 505 S.W.3d 542 (Tex. 2016). Meanwhile, the Priesters’ problems with their lender continued. The Fifth Circuit declined to consider their motion for reconsideration under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b), noting a lengthy delay by the Priesters in bringing the motion, and observing: “If a ‘change in law’ automatically allowed the reopening of federal cases, then anytime the Supreme Court resolved a circuit split, the courts that had taken the view that did not prevail would have to reopen cases no matter how long ago the judgments issued. . . . [The Priesters] are worried that the earlier federal judgment against them may pose a res judicata problem. But res judicata is the ordinary result of a final judgment, not an extraordinary circumstance warranting relief from one.” Priester v. JP Morgan Chase, No. 18-40127 (re-released as published on July 1, 2019).

The federal system’s more-forgiving approach, to what Texas state practice calls “the Casteel problem,” was on display in Young v. Board of Supervisors of Humphreys County, Mississippi. After a jury trial, Young won a judgment under § 1983 for depriving him of the use of several properties. Among other appeal points, “The Board takes issue with Jury Instruction 4, which told the jury that it could find the Board liable if it found, by a preponderance of the evidence, one of three things: (1) ‘The Board of Supervisors authorized a violation of Mr. Young’s property rights,’ (2) ‘Dickie Stevens had been given the authority by the Board to take the action he took with respect to Mr. Young’s property,’ or (3) ‘The Board ratified Dickie Stevens’ actions after the fact.'” The Fifth Circuit held that as to the second theory, “[e]ven assuming that the court erred in allowing the jury to determine whether Stevens was a policymaker, there was legally sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to hold the Board liable on a ratification [the third] theory . . . Thus, ‘any injury resulting from the erroneous instruction is
harmless.’“ No. 18-60618 (June 21, 2019).

Here is my PowerPoint from the recent appellate course sponsored by University of Texas CLE. I also discussed this month’s opinion in In re: City of Houston, granting mandamus relief in a privilege dispute.

In In re City of Houston, the Fifth Circuit succinctly held: “Having reviewed the submissions of the parties, the documents in dispute, which are contained in Exhibit A to the City’s motion to seal documents, and pertinent jurisprudence, we conclude that the electronic communications identified by the City in Tabs 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9 of Exhibit A fall within the attorney-client privilege and that mandamus relief is warranted with respect to such items. See In re: Itron, Inc.,883 F.3d 553, 567–69 (5th Cir. 2018); EEOC v. BDO USA L.L.P., 876 F.3d 690, 695-97 (5th Cir. 2017); Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Hill, 751 F.3d 379, 382–83 (5th Cir. 2014); In re: Avantel, S.A., 343 F.3d 311, 316–17 (5th Cir. 2003).” No. 19-20377 (June 18, 2019, unpublished).

In SEC v. Stanford Int’l Bank, Ltd., the Fifth Circuit reviewed an intricate, court-supervised settlement between the receiver for Stanford International Bank and several D&O carriers, and “conclude[d] the district court lacked authority to approve the Receiver’s settlement to the extent it (a) nullified the coinsureds’ claims to the policy proceeds without an alternative compensation scheme; (b) released claims the Estate did not possess; and (c) barred suits that could not result in judgments against proceeds of the Underwriters’ policies or other receivership assets.”

The Court observed: “By ignoring the distinction between Appellants’ contractual and extracontractual claims against Underwriters, the district court erred legally and abused its discretion in approving the bar orders. These claims . . . lie directly against the Underwriters and do not involve proceeds from the insurance policies or other receivership assets. . . . [R]eceivership courts have no authority to dismiss claims that are unrelated to the receivership estate. That the district court was ‘looking only to the fairness of the settlement as between the debtor and the settling claimant [and ignoring third-party rights] contravenes a basic notion of fairness.'” No. 17-10663 (June 17, 2019).

The Northern District of Texas sent this message today: “The Earle Cabell Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse located at 1100 Commerce Street, Dallas, TX, will be closed to the public tomorrow [June 18]. Initial criminal proceedings that are scheduled tomorrow before a magistrate judge will be held at the Fort Worth division located at 501 W. 10th Street, Fort Worth, TX. Other proceedings scheduled for tomorrow in Dallas will be rescheduled unless you have been specifically informed of alternative arrangements by a courtroom deputy or other court personnel. Updates to this information will be provided on our website at www.txnd.uscourts.gov.”

After a 2011 amendment, the removal statute allowed a motion to remand based on diversity after a year if the “district court finds that the plaintiff has acted in bad faith in order to prevent a defendant from removing the action. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(c)(1).  One of the removal-jurisdiction issues in Hoyt v. Lane Construction  was the applicable legal standard to determine bad faith. The district court focused on the plaintiffs’ affidavits, which explained “why the Hoyts were reluctant to go to trial against Storm or accept Storm’s (apparently low) settlement offer,” but “do not explain why the Hoyts waited until just two days after the one-year deadline to dismiss Storm. On appeal, the plaintiffs argued for a standard based on equitable estoppel that had been developed in prior Fifth Circuit precedent, but the Court rejected those authorities as having been mooted by the 2011 amendment. No. 18-10289 (June 10, 2019).

Several parties entered an “Area of Mutual Interest” (AMI) agreement, a common feature of oil-and-gas development projects. The AMI included various interests “which were or are acquired after” the agreement’s effective date, “by a Party” to the agreement. But it excluded “all interests, leases or agreements owned by a Party prior to the Effective Date.” Thus, when a party bought interests from another party after the effective date, that sale was not within the scope of the AMI. The Fifth Circuit observed: “If Appellees sought to prohibit the type of activity in which EnerQuest engaged, they could have easily done so through the contract.” Glassell Non-Operated Interests, Ltd. v. EnerQuest Oil & Gas, LLC, No. 18-20125 (June 12, 2019).

Here is a copy of my PowerPoint from today’s presentation about business cases in the Dallas Court of Appeals during 2019. Thanks to all who came out, and to the DBA Appellate Section for the invitation!

With yesterday’s nomination of Hon. Sul Ozerden (right), who presently serves as a District Judge for the Southern District of Mississippi, the Fifth Circuit is on the cusp of having a full roster of active judges.

Today’s post on 600Commerce hearkens back to a case covered by this blog several years ago when, literally, the ship had sailed.  (The 600Commerce post goes on to note that a similar principle applies in a dispute about the right of possession (in Texas practice, a forcible detainer action), which becomes moot when “a writ of possession had been served on appellant” and thus “appellant is no longer in possession of [the] premises.” Jones v. Willems, No. 05-18-01191-CV (June 7, 2019). Longtime 600Camp readers will be interested to know that the ship in question, since reflagged as the M/V CALHOUN, is in Singapore as of the date of this post, still well away from Fifth Circuit jurisdiction.

AccentCare sent an arbitration agreement to Trammell’s home; “[t]he district court applied the ‘mailbox rule’ to presume that Trammell received the company’s proffered arbitration agreement even though she testified that she never received the contract and indicated to her employer that she was experiencing difficulties in receiving and sending mail.” This showing, especially given that AccentCare could not produce a signed agreement or otherwise rebut her claims about problems with mail, the Fifth Circuit reversed: “Because Trammell created a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether an arbitration agreement was formed, she is entitled to a jury trial under Section 4 of the FAA.” Trammell v. AccentCare, Inc., No 18-50872 (June 7, 2019, unpublished).

(The specific FAA provision, often referred to but rarely used, says: “. . . the party alleged to be in default may, except in cases of admiralty, on or before the return day of the notice of application, demand a jury trial of such issue, and upon such demand the court shall make an order referring the issue or issues to a jury in the manner provided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, or may specially call a jury for that purpose”).

Rural electric cooperatives, created pursuant to the New Deal’s Rural Electrification Act, and that “‘act under’  and the [Rural Utilities Service]’s direction
based on a close and detailed lending relationship and shared goal of furthering
affordable rural electricity,” sought to remove litigation about governance issues under the “federal officer” statute. The district court remanded but the Fifth Circuit reversed: “[I]t was error to conclude that the cooperatives have not presented a colorable federal defense, as required for federal officer removal jurisdiction. Again, this is not to say that the cooperatives will inevitably be successful in their preemption defense. Rather, our conclusion is a natural byproduct of the
fact that ‘one of the most important reasons for [federal officer] removal is to have the validity of the [federal defense] tried in a federal court.'” Butler v. Coast Elec. Power Assoc., No. 18-60365 (June 7, 2019).

Ekhlassi sued National Lloyds in Texas state court for a flood-insurance claim, arising out of a “Write Your Own” insurance policy issued in the carrier’s name but underwritten by the federal government. His filing may have satisfied the one-year statute of limitations for such a claim – the parties disputed the trigger event – but his choice of a state forum proved fatal. The panel majority, applying Circuit precedent and authority from other Circuits, found that the grant of “original exclusive jurisdiction” in federal court by 28 U.S.C. § 4072 applied to his suit. A dissent argued that this statute, by its terms, applied only to a suit against FEMA’s Administrator and not a “WYO” carrier. Ekhlassi v. National Lloyds Ins. Co., No. 18-20228 (June 4, 2019).

District courts frequently “administratively close” an inactive matter, but that housekeeping measure does not create an appealable order: ‘”A ‘final decision’ generally is one which ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” In contrast, “a district court order staying and administratively closing a case lacks the finality of an outright dismissal or closure.” By administratively closing the case, the district court retains jurisdiction, meaning it can “reopen the case—either on its own or at the request of a party—at any time.” “[R]eservation of jurisdiction for the purpose of hearing substantive claims . . . precludes appellate jurisdiction because an order framed this way is not a final judgment.”’ Sentry Select Ins. Co. v. Ruiz, No. 18-50605 (May 23, 2019) (unpubl.)

Life Partners’ Creditors’ Trust v. Cowley, No. 17-11477 (May 31, 2019), reviewed the dismissal of several highly-technical claims brought by a bankruptcy trustee about the sale of “viaticals” (investments in life insurance policies sold to third parties by the insureds). For each claim, the Fifth Circuit reviewed whether FRCP 9(b) or 8(a) applied, and then assessed the pleaded allegations, reaching these conclusions:

Sometimes, simply stating the issue gives a strong indication as to the answer. Such was the case in McGlothlin v. State Farm, which examined whether two Mississippi statutes were “repugnant” to one another (synonyms for “repugnant,” according to one online reference, include “abhorrent, revolting, repulsive, repellent, disgusting, offensive, objectionable, vile, foul, nasty, [and] loathsome . . . .” Specifically, Mississippi’s uninsured-motorist statute (1) required State Farm to pay the damages that an insured is “legally entitled to recover” from an uninsured driver, and (2) treats a fireman driving a fire truck as “uninsured,” as a result of the statute’s governmental-immunity statute. A driver who was rear-ended by a fire truck argued that these two statutes were “repugnant” and had to be read in favor of coverage; the Fifth Circuit disagreed: “The two sections’ being ‘confusing’ does not equate to repugnancy.” No. 18-60338 (May 31, 2019).

A recurring question in commercial arbitration is the amount of detail required for a “reasoned award’ – described generally as “something short of findings and conclusions but more than a simple result.”  The Fifth Court provides a helpful example in YPF S.A. v. Apache Overseas, Inc., which quotes the relevant part of the arbitrator’s award and holds: “KPMG noted that it based its analysis on the parties’ statements and accounting records, pointed to its finding on the accrual of liabilities, and explained what documentation it found relevant in evaluating the proper refund amount.” No. 17-20802 (May 24, 2019).

The Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act provides a potential defense to a party who receives an otherwise-fraudulent transfer in “good faith.” That said, the exact contours of that defense are not completely clear, leading the Fifth Circuit to vacate an  earlier panel opinion on the issue, to now certify this question to the Texas Supreme Court:

“Is the Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act’s ‘good faith’ defense against fraudulent transfer clawbacks, as codified at Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 24.009(a), available to a transferee who had inquiry notice of the fraudulent behavior, did not conduct a diligent inquiry, but who would not have been reasonably able to discover that fraudulent activity through diligent inquiry”

Janvey v. GMAG, LLC, No. 17-11526 (May 24, 2019).

A remarkably long-lived case about the collapse of Enron came to an end in Lampkin v. UBS Fin. Servs., Inc.: “[Plaintiffs[‘] Securities Act claims fail because their participation in the Employee Stock Option Plan was compulsory and employees furnished no value, or tangible and definable consideration in exchange for the option grants. The Court in [Int’ Brotherhood of Teamsters v. Daniel, 439 U.S. 551 (1979)] rejected the idea that the exchange of labor was sufficient consideration in the context of a compulsory, non-contributory pension plan—the same logic applies to the option plan at issue here. Plaintiffs made no investment decision in the grant of the options, the Enron plans were compulsory and non-contributory. The fact that plaintiffs would eventually make an affirmative investment decision—whether to exercise the option or let it expire—at some point in the future is of no consequence. Plaintiffs’ claims are based explicitly on the grant of the option, not the exercise of that option.” No. 17-20608 (May 24, 2019) (emphasis added).

Valderas, the plaintiff in an excessive-force case, opposed the defendant’s motion to strike with a single argument – that the defendant had failed to satisfy the conference requirement of N.D. Tex. Local Rule 7.1. The district court disagreed, as did the Fifth Circuit: “Valderas cites to only one decision explicating the meaning of the local rule in question and implies that the decision establishes that a telephone conversation is necessary to satisfy the conference requirement. The decision explicitly notes, however, that the conference requirement can be met through a written conferral.” Valderas v. City of Lubbock , No. 18-11023 (May 21, 2019) (unpublished) (emphasis added) (applying Dondi Props. Corp. v. Commerce Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 121 F.R.D. 284, 290 (N.D. Tex. 1988) (en banc) (per curiam)).

Yesterday’s District of the District of Columbia opinion about the Congressional subpoena to Mazars (President Trump’s accounting firm), offers a fascinating summary of the history of legislative-executive friction about similar subpoenas, including the complaints of the rarely-quoted President Buchanan. In an echo of McCulloch v. Maryland about the broad scope of Congress’s power to legislate, this opinion describes a similarly-broad scope of the power to investigate before legislating.

Cohen argued, inter alia, that a letter from Allstate “merely denied ‘coverage for various items'” and thus lacked adequate specificity to effectively deny his flood-insurance claim (and thus start a 1-year federal statute of limitations). The Fifth Circuit disagreed, observing that “not even the temptations of a hard case will provide a basis for ordering recovery contrary to the terms of [a] regulation, for to do so would disregard the duty of all courts to observe the conditions defined by Congress for charging the public treasury.” Cohen v. Allstate Ins. Co., No. 18-20330 (May 17, 2019) (citation omitted).

Lopez v. Pompeo addressed an infrequent but fundamental issue of res judicata: “When this court affirms a judgment of the district court, but on different grounds than those adopted by the district court, it is the decision of this court, not the district court, that has preclusive effect . . . ‘[O]nce an appellate court has affirmed on one ground and passed over another, preclusion does not attach to the ground omitted from its decision.'” No. 18-40175 (May 14, 2019).

On the topic of personal jurisdiction, recent Supreme Court cases emphasize that “[i]t is the defendant, not the plaintiff or third parties, who must create contacts with the forum State..” Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277 (2014).  An interesting test of that principle arose in Carmona v. Leo Ship Management, No. 18-20248 (May 10, 2019), in which a stevedore sued for injuries incurred in Houston while unloading pipe from a globe-circling freighter. He sued LSM, the company that by contract operated the M/V Komatsushima Star (right) (since, renamed the M/V Kacey, and moored in the Yellow Sea as of this post). LSM did not own the ship “and could not direct where it traveled, what it carried, or for whom it worked,” and thus tried to invoke Walden and related cases about jurisdiction arising from a “mere fortuity.”

The Fifth Circuit observed:

• “[A] defendant’s contacts with a forum and the purposefulness of those contacts are distinct–though often overlapping –inquiries. Although tortious conduct within a forum ensures the existence of contacts it does not always guarantee that such contacts were deliberate.” (citation omitted);
• “Especially considering that the contract was freely  terminable with two months’ notice, LSM was hardly compelled to travel to Texas against its will. Rather, it made a deliberate choice to keep its employees aboard a ship bound for Texas” and thus “purposely availed itself” of the Texas forum;
• But as to one of Carmona’s claims: “LSM presented undisputed evidence that a third party had stowed the pipes aboard the ship while it was outside the United States,” thus establishing that “the claim that the pipes were improperly stowed does not stem from LSM’s activities in Texas.”

On May 16 at the Belo Mansion, the DBA Appellate Section presents a panel discussion among the eight newly-elected Justices of the Fifth Court of Appeals (a/k/a, the “Slate of Eight“), moderated by Justice Lana Myers, a 20-year veteran of the Fifth Court.. The Section’s announcement of the program goes on to say: “If you have a question you would like the panel to answer, please send it to DBAAppellateChair@gmail.com. The panel will try to answer pre-submitted questions during the presentation as time permits.”

The relator in Lemon v. Nurses to Go., Inc. alleged violations of the False Claims Act about several aspects of the defendants’ hospice-care services. Applying Universal Health Services v. United States ex rel. Escobar, 136 S.Ct. 1989 (2016), the Fifth Circuit reversed the district court’s finding that the issues were immaterial, finding that they (1) related to conditions of payment; (2) the government would have enforced those conditions had it known of the problems identified by relators; and (3 the issues were not “minor or insubstantial.” No. 18-20326 (May 7, 2019).

In the category of “not very surprising en banc votes”: After a plea for en banc review in a recent case about federal jurisdiction over injury claims arising from asbestos exposure at the Avondale Shipyard (in its heyday, the largest employer in Louisiana), the Fifth Circuit has accepted that case for en banc review. Latiolas v. Huntington-Ingalls, No. 18-30652 (May 8, 2019). (To the right, the launch at Avondale of a Knox-class frigate, an unheralded but stalwart antisubmarine-warfare vessel of the late Cold War.)

A multi-million dollar judgment, in favor of a bankruptcy trustee suing for the estate, foundered on two problems about party identity:

1. Injury? The estate (LSI) had no standing to seek damages about a substantial debt incurred to an alleged insider (Jabil), because: “[T]he millions of dollars awarded under Damage Element No. 1 represent Jabil’s injury, not LSI’s. Jabil manufactured and delivered the contractually agreed upon equipment to LSI. LSI benefitted from the equipment, and Ebert even leased and sold the equipment in Chapter 11 proceedings. Moreover, LSI did not pay the invoices on the equipment. Therefore, LSI benefitted and even had cash available for other needs.” (emphasis in original)
2. Benefit? Stock sales involving affiliated entities did not established a personal benefit to alleged insiders (Apfel and Bartlett): “[E]bert tacitly admits that she provided evidence only for the nominee companies’ gains, not for Appel and Bartlett in their individual capacity. Manz’s calculations were based primarily on two documents: Schedule 7.B, which showed market sales of LSI stock, and a list of nominee companies with how many shares of LSI each owned as of September 9, 2011. Yet these documents only list companies and provide no proof of or insight into Appel and Bartlett as individuals.”

Ebert v. DeJoria, No 18-10382 (April 30, 2019).

While “[t]he Texas Supreme Court has not had occasion to determine whether a contract that is unsigned but otherwise enforceable may incorporate an unsigned document by reference,” that was the issue presented in Int’l Corrugated & Packing Supplies, Inc. v. Lear Corp. But in the context of an interlocutory appeal from denial of a motion to compel arbitration, the Fifth Circuit “declined[d] to resolve this novel question of Texas law here because the district court has not yet ruled on the enforceability of Lear’s purchase orders. Specifically, . . . how the parties entered the agreements at issue in this case—either through purchase orders, or phone calls or emails prior to the sending of purchase orders, or some other conduct—nor has it determined what effect, if any, the parties’ course of dealing has on such agreements [under the UCC].” No. 18-50167 (May 3, 2019) (unpublished).

“[Mister Mudbug, Inc.] asserts that it relied on [Bloomin’ Brands, Inc.]’s representation that ‘MMI would have to substantially enlarge its production and manufacturing facilities’  if it wanted ‘to produce all of the food products that BBI would need in its nationwide restaurant operations.’ The district court held that this representation is a factual declaration, not a promise. We agree. It is not an assurance that BBI would award MMI larger contracts if it did expand; it is a statement informing MMI of the preconditions necessary to be in the running for a larger contract.” Mr. Mudbug, Inc. v. Bloomin’ Brands, Inc., No. 18-30626 (May 1, 2019) (unpublished) (emphasis added).

Reed, whose sole income came from Social Security benefits, and who was subject to a Texas law requiring him to pay for GPS monitoring, contended that the law violated section 407(a) of the Social Security Act, which protects benefits from “execution, levy, attachment, garnishment, or other legal process.” (emphasis added).

To resolve Reed’s argument, the Fifth Circuit first summarized the general importance of statutory-construction canons, even in a focus on “plain meaning”: “Statutory language, like all language, is suffused with age-old interpretive conventions. And judges, like all readers, must be attentive not to words standing alone but to surrounding structure and other contextual cues that illuminate meaning.”

The Court then applied the concept of ejusdem generis: “‘Where general words follow specific words in a statutory enumeration, the general words are construed to embrace only objects similar in nature to those objects enumerated by the preceding specific words.’ Section 407(a) follows this familiar semantic structure, meaning the follow-on
phrase ‘other legal process’ is limited to processes like “execution, levy, attachment, [or] garnishment.” Common phrasing; common-sense meaning.” Reed v. Taylor, No. 17-20519 (May 2, 2019).

Celebrate the Cinco de Mayo with 5 key Dallas court of appeals cases from 2019!

A significantly limited new version of the TCPA has passed the Texas House; a similar version is still pending in the Senate. The bill addresses several aspects of the statute’s application in business cases. While the lingering Erie issue about the TCPA’s application in federal court remains, the issue will have less ongoing significance if the Legislature reduces this statute’s force in commercial litigation.

While finding a “clear record of delay or contumacious conduct,” sufficient to justify dismissal with prejudice in a Deepwater Horizon case, as to one set of appellants in Graham v. BP Exploration, the Fifth Circuit declined to do so as to the other group: “Confused about whether their three existing complaints were ‘individual lawsuits’ under [Pretrial Order] 63, the D’Amico Appellants queried the [Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee] and were advised only to file sworn statements. This was a mistake, as the D’Amico Appellants  concede. But based on this flawed understanding of PTO 63, the D’Amico Appellants then timely filed and served sworn statements before the April 12, 2017 deadline. None of this makes those filings any less mistaken under PTO 63, but it does show an absence of willful conduct. And BP points to nothing in the record to dispel that impression. There is a critical difference between trying but failing, on the one hand, and simply not trying, on the other.” No. 18-30008 (Apr. 29, 2019) (emphasis added).

The Texas anti-SLAPP statute has generated an enormous amount of litigation and commentary, especially with the Legislature in session and actively considering amendments. Interestingly, one of the most successful defendants to invoke this statute is President Trump, who used it last year in California federal court to obtain dismissal of a defamation claim about the above Tweet, as well as a substantial award of attorneys’ fees. The district court’s opinion is interesting reading on the merits, as well on choice-of-law and the Ninth Circuit’s treatment of the underlying Erie issue.

An arbitration panel, organized under the rules of the Houston Bar Association, awarded a substantial sum to an attorney in a fee dispute with his former client. The client sought vacatur on the ground that it not know the non-attorney member of the panel worked for a large law firm (to paraphrase Claude Rains’s character in Casablanca, it was shocked, SHOCKED to make this discovery). The Fifth Circuit found this argument waived, and did not accept the client’s argument that waiver should be limited to vacatur based on conflicts of interest: “We therefore conclude that Light-Age waived its objection to Davis’s participation on the panel. Light-Age had constructive knowledge that Davis worked for a law firm at the time of the arbitration hearing; it could have discovered that Jackson Walker was a law firm simply by clicking on the link provided in Davis’s email signature or running a brief internet search. It is reasonable to expect even a pro se litigant to perform such basic research into its arbitrator.” Ashcroft-Smith v. Light-Age, Inc., No. 18-20098 (April 25, 2019) (emphasis added).

Counterclaims that “revolve around the parties’ compliance with the same settlement agreement” are compulsory under Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(a): “[B]oth regard the same instruments and transactions, and a jury would hear substantially the same facts in regard to both.” RPV, Ltd. v. Netsphere, Inc., No. 18-10462 (April 23, 2019) (unpublished) (citation omitted).

Hira, a guarantor, argued that the lender’s calculation of the amount due should not have been accepted as a basis for summary judgment against her. The Fifth Circuit disagreed:

Hira never proposed her own calculations, a step she was required to take by Texas law and the district court’s summary judgment order. RBC Real Estate Fin. v. Partners Land Dev., Ltd.543 F. App’x 477, 480 (5th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (unpublished) (upholding a grant of summary judgment because the appellants “did not provide any controverting summary judgment evidence to the district court”); 8920 Corp. v. Alief Alamo Bank, 722 S.W.2d 718, 720 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (granting a motion for summary judgement because the appellants “presented no controverting affidavits that could raise a fact issue as to appellee’s method of computation and the accuracy of its figures.”). Without providing a competing calculation, Hira failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact.

Pacific Premier Bank v. Hira, No. 18-10611 (April 15, 2019, unpublished).

In a forum dispute arising from an oil-rig explosion, the Fifth Circuit rejected four arguments for personal jurisdiction in Texas over one of the parties, arising from that party’s litigation activity:

1. Counterclaiming. “[A] non-resident defendant may participate in litigation without submitting to the court’s jurisdiction so long as it maintains its objection to personal jurisdiction. Relatedly, this court has also held that filing a counterclaim or ‘third-party claim does not, without more, waive an objection to personal jurisdiction.'” (citation and footnote omitted);
2. Moving to compel arbitration. “Ironshore submitted to the court’s jurisdiction for the sole purpose of compelling arbitration. By submitting to the court’s power for this limited purpose and maintaining its personal jurisdiction motion to dismiss, Ironshore continued to object to ‘the power of the court’ and did not waive its personal jurisdiction defense.”
3. Demand letters. “Many other circuits have addressed similar scenarios in which a potential plaintiff sends a cease-and-desist letter threatening litigation to a potential defendant. None of these courts held that sending a letter amounts to
   purposeful availment.”
4. Settlement agreement with Texas forum clause. “There are no allegations of suit-related contact between Ironshore and Texas other than Ironshore’s
   participation as a defendant in litigation and the forum-selection clause in the
   settlement agreement . . . .”

Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. Ironshore Specialty Ins. Co., No. 17-20678 (April 17, 2019).

Texas’s robust attorney-immunity doctrine defeated claims about the Allen Stanford scheme in Troice v. Greenberg Traurig LLP., No. 17-11464 (April 17, 2019). The Fifth Circuit declined to certify the state-law issue, citing “the substantial treatment of the issues by the Texas courts of appeals and the ‘cogent and sound arguments’ presented by counsel,” and held:

1. “We are persuaded the Supreme Court of Texas would apply the attorney immunity doctrine in the non-litigation context”;
2. “[I]mmunity can apply even to criminal acts so long as the attorney was acting within the scope of representation” (noting that “[a]fter arguing there was a categorical bar to applying immunity in this context, the plaintiffs did not make an alternative argument that immunity does not apply because Greenberg’s acts were outside the scope of client representation”; and
3. “We conclude that the Supreme Court of Texas would not consider itself sure that the Texas Legislature intended to abrogate attorney immunity in the context of [Texas Securities Act] claims.” (emphasis in original).

A state prison, whose officers were sued for allegedly using excessive force, made video recordings of encounters with prisoners to defend against such claims. Unfortunately for the prison, in Bourne v. Gunnels the prisoner “had turned out the lights in the cell” and one of the defendants “stood in the doorway to the cell for most of the use of force,” meaning that from the video, “it is impossible to tell what occurred during the use of force.” This failure of proof led to reversal of summary judgment for the defendants. No. 17-20418 (April 16, 2019).

“In their Fourth Amended Complaint, the Bowmans make claims under the [Texas Debt Collection Act] without citing the appropriate sections of the statute for each claim. CitiMortgage raised this issue, and the Bowmans responded that they provided enough information for CitiMortgage to figure out which provisions it violated. As the district court reasoned, this is insufficient to provide fair notice to the defendant under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a).” Bowman v. CitiMortgage, No. 18-10867 (April 12, 2019) (unpublished).

The panel majority in Waste Management, Inc. v. River Birch, Inc.reversed a defense summary judgment in a civil RICO case, on the question whether an alleged bribe was the cause of an action by the disgraced former mayor Ray Nagin. The opinion detailed the circumstantial evidence both about the alleged bribe and its alleged effect, and found that a jury question had been presented: “Noting that It is rare in public bribery cases that there is definitive ‘smoking gun’ evidence to show a payment was made to an official to influence the official to perform some act—and there is no such evidence here. It is critical in cases such as this that inferences from circumstantial evidence about intent and motives about which reasonable minds could differ be sorted out by the jury.” (footnotes omitted). The dissent observed: “I don’t like granting summary judgment to campaign-finance violators. Nor do I like giving the benefit of the doubt to disgraced ex-government officials. But, in the absence of evidence, it’s what the law commands,” relying primarily on the Supreme Court’s Matsushita summary-judgment opinion. (Judge Davis wrote the majority opinion joined by Judge Costa; Judge Oldham dissented). A brief opinion on rehearing noted that the parties had not cited Matsushita so the court “therefore decline[s] to consider that case now.”

Fishback Nursery v. PNC Bank involved a lien dispute between two branches of creditors of a failed farm – the bank, and two nurseries who sold millions of dollars of trees and shrubs to the farm. That dispute turned on a choice-of-law analysis, as to which the Fifth Circuit observed:

• It was fruitless for the nurseries to rely on choice-of-law provisions in contracts between them and the farm, as this dispute was between the nurseries and the bank, who was not involved in those contracts;
• Similarly, the nurseries barked up the wrong tree by relying upon a Restatement provision about contract disputes: “This case—as we have taken pains to emphasize—involves not a contractual dispute but rather a dispute over competing lien priorities in a bankrupt company’s assets. Analysis of choice-of-law in lien priority disputes begins, not with section 188, but with the ‘most significant relationship’ test in section 6.”
• And, that analysis is straightforward where Article 9 of Texas’s UCC has a specific provision about these disputes (that priority is determined by the law of the state where the agricultural products are located).

Finding that the district court’s analysis was well-rooted in these observations, the Court affirmed. No. 18-10090 (April 10, 2019).

In a detailed (and remarkably readable) review of EPA regulations of water pollution by steam-electric power plants, the Fifth Circuit vacated and remanded a rule for further agency consideration. In a nutshell: “[F]or five of the six wastewater streams regulated by the final rule . . ., EPA affirmatively rejected surface impoundments as [“Best Available Technology”] ‘because [they] would not result in reasonable further progress toward eliminating the discharge of all pollutants, particularly toxic pollutants.’ And yet, having rejected impoundments as BAT because they would not achieve ‘reasonable further progress’ toward eliminating pollution from those streams, EPA turned around and chose impoundments as BAT for each of those same streams generated before the compliance date. That paradoxical action signals arbitrary and capricious agency action.” (emphasis added, citations omitted). Southwestern Elec. Power Co. v. EPA, No. 15-60821 (April 12, 2019).

The losing party in Alonso v. Westcoast Corp., No. 17-30877 (Apr. 8, 2019), contended that it was plain error to submit the below jury question about a contract claim, without also asking whether the plaintiff had itself breached:

The Fifth Circuit held that it was not plain error, noting that earlier in the charge as part of the instructions, the jury had been told that if “one party to a contract substantially breaches the contract, then the breaching party cannot enforce the contract it has breached or demand damages form the other party to the contract.” The Court cited Baisden v. I’m Ready Prods., Inc., 693 F.3d 491, 506 (5th Cir. 2012), which allowed a question that “conflated the question of license (an affirmative defense . . . ) with that of infringement (a claim on which [plaintiff] carried the burden),” even though that  question was “not a model of clarity.”

This was a Louisiana case; by way of comparison (background only, given the deferential standard of review in this case), the Texas pattern charge on this point uses questions about both parties’ breach, drawing from Mustang Pipeline Co. v. Driver Pipeline Co., 134 S.W.3d 195 (Tex. 2004).

Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c) requires parties to “affirmatively state any avoidance or affirmative defense.” Germain v. U.S. Bank applied that rule in a mortgage-servicing case, reasoning: “Germain alleged that the Defendants did not comply with § 1024.41. The Defendants denied this allegation, insisting that they had complied with that section. That is a denial or direct contradiction of Germain’s claim, not an affirmative defense. The Defendants did not expressly rely on § 1024.41(i) in their answer, but the use of § 1024.41(i) in their motion for summary judgment is merely an expansion of the denial in their answer.” No. 18-10508 (April 3, 2019). (“8c” also refers to an Alfa Romeo model, pictured above for general reference.)

Beckton Dickson & Co., a manufacturer of safety syringes, lost its antitrust claims against a competitor but prevailed on its Lanham Act claims, and sought the remedy of disgorgement. A panel majority concluded that:

[T]he district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that where [Defendant Retractable Technologies, Inc.] had not sufficiently demonstrated that its business suffered due to BD’s false advertising and where BD had already taken significant steps to correct the false statements, disgorgement was not equitable. That another court could have evaluated the facts differently does not justify reversal, especially as “an award of profits with no proof of harm is an uncommon remedy in a false advertising suit.”

The majority’s reasoning is best summarized by the final paragraph of its opinion, which observes:

The district court’s denial of disgorgement of profits from RTI’s competitor was made against the larger backdrop of its prosecution of a meritless antitrust claim against BD for conduct in the marketplace—during a time in which RTI nearly doubled its own sales and increased its share of the retractable syringe sub-market to two-thirds. RTI elected not to test its proof of Lanham Act damages before the jury, but rather to later argue, as now, that equity mandates disgorgement. Its effort to carry the flag of “public interest” and guide the profits of its competitor to its own coffers here must fail. That effort must be taken outside—to the marketplace. There the public interest is best vindicated.

A dissent thought that the district court had exceeded its mandate after a previous appeal. Retractable Technologies, Inc. v. Beckton Dickinson Inc., No. 17-40960 (March 26, 2019). Professor Rebecca Tushnet recently discussed the case on her 43(B) blog.

The Tampa Bay Buccaneers football team sought recovery in BP’s Deepwater Horizon claims-processing system. It appealed to the Fifth Circuit, and requested that the courtroom be sealed for the oral argument. In a single-judge order, Judge Costa reviewed the general requirements about sealing, noted that it was the court’s decision and not the litigants’, and rejected the request: “As its right, Claimant ID 100246928 has used the federal courts in its attempt to obtain millions of dollars it believes BP owes because of the oil spill. But it should not able to benefit from this public resource while treating it like a private tribunal when there is no good reason to do so. On Monday, the public will be able to access the courtroom it pays for.” BP Exploration & Production v. Claimant ID 100246928, No. 18-30375 (March 29, 2019).

Emphasizing a significant difference between Texas and federal practice, ENI US Operating Co. v. Transocean clarified Circuit precedent and held: “Under [Fed. R. Civ. P.] 52(a), implicit findings will not automatically be inferred to support a conclusory ultimate finding. The district court must lay out enough subsidiary findings to allow us to glean ‘a clear understanding of the analytical process by which [the] ultimate findings were reached and to assure us that the trial court took care in ascertaining the facts.” Finding that the district court’s reasoning was insufficiently developed under this standard, the Fifth Circuit remanded for more detailed findings on a key point. The Court also reversed on two other issues of contract law:

• A clause referring to an indemnity obligation for “special, indirect, or consequential damages,” while a “limitation on the type of damages allowed . . . says nothing about what type of claims can be brought” (and thus, does not preclude a breach-of-warranty action); and
• A damages calculation based on a steady contract price was flawed because “it looks to what Eni actually did after termination, when the operative question is what Eni would have done in a non-breach world. . . . The district court should have attempted to determine, in the hypothetical non-breach world, how many days the Pathfinder [above, left] would have spent at each applicable rate.”

No. 18-20115 (March 28, 2019).

This month’s “Headnotes” from the Dallas Bar Association has two items of particular interest — on page 18, information about each of the new “Slate of Eight” Justices on the Dallas Fifth District Court of Appeals; and on page 19, an article by me and my LPCH colleague John Volney about the Fifth Court’s recent cases on “trial by consent.”

Defendant Blue Cross argued that Plaintiff Encompass’s claim was barred by prescription (limitations), and that contra non valentem (the civilian analog to the discovery rule) did not apply. Plaintiff received the offending letter in 2010, which “immediately caused Encompass to confer with counsel and seek clarification from [Blue Cross],” although Plaintiff did not sue until 2013. Plaintiff argued that the letter “falsified [Blue Cross] internal policies, which it could not discover until 2013 despite diligent inquiry. Although some statements in the letter were independently verifiable, Encompass says others were simultaneously false, damaging, and opaque to outsiders, and that “its diligence to investigate the letter—calling [the author] three times in 2010 and leaving messages without response—was reasonable under the circumstances.” The panel majority accepted the jury’s verdict in favor of the plaintiff; a dissent would have found contra non valentem unavailable as a matter of law. Encompass Office Solutions v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Louisiana, No. 17-10736 (March 19, 2019).

Papalote, a wind-power producer, had a dispute with the Lower Colorado River Authority;  a key issue was whether a $60 million limitation-of-liability clause applied.  Their contract had an arbitration provision that applied “if any dispute arises with respect to either Party’s performance.” The Fifth Circuit found that the dispute was not subject to arbitration, as it “is a dispute related to the the interpretation of the Agreement, not a performance-related dispute . . . ..” Papalote Creek II v. Lower Colorado River Authority, No. 17-50852 (March 15, 2019).

A colorful, and deft, summary of Iqbal’s pleading requirements in a § 1983 case appeared in Shaw v. Villanueva: “Shaw[] . . . has pleaded no specific facts showing that Villanueva and Ebrom misdirected Sotelo into issuing the arrest warrant. And so he has not established the exception to the independent-intermediary doctrine. In other words, his allegations are all broth and no beans.” No. 17-50937 (March 11, 2019). (A classic Texas Monthly article offers similar sayings, such as: “He thinks the sun comes up just to hear him crow,” etc.)

A non-party appealed a discovery issue, complaining about confidentiality protection for documents it produced under subpoena in a complicated antitrust case. The Fifth Circuit reviewed the issue as a collateral order in Vantage Health Plan, Inc. v. Willis-Knighton Medical Center, No. 17-30867 (Jan. 9, 2019). Unfortunately for the movant, that review identified three problems with its position: “First, the bald assertion of competitive harm is insufficient, and Humana was repeatedly unable to articulate a specific harm that would be caused by the disclosure of the documents. Second, Humana ignores the fact that any documents not placed into the record will remain subject to the district court’s protective order and are restricted to ‘attorney’s eyes only.’ . . . Third, those documents that are ultimately filed on the record are still subject to the court’s redaction requirements, which cover all [specific numeric information rates and percentages].”

The Fifth Circuit reversed a contempt order related to the Bureau of Prisons’ calculation of sentencing credits, noting, inter alia:

• Oral injunction? An oral injunction can be effective, where, as here: “[T]he oral injunction was not tentative, and the district court did not indicate that the sanction was open to further argument or reconsideration. Rather, the district court asked the BOP to affirm that it understood the scope of the injunction.”
• Limits to inherent power. “The contempt power is not an appropriate means for a district court to express its reasoned disagreement with a federal statute. Threatening government officials with individual contempt sanctions for complying with federal law, as the district court did here, is a clear abuse of discretion.”
• Specificity required. “The district court made no explicit factual findings to support its decisionto hold the BOP in contempt. Nor did it identify which specific court orders the BOP violated, notwithstanding the BOP’s ‘request that the Court clarify itsorder to reflect such findings as to how and when the Respondents violated anorder of th[e] court.’ The district court’s refusal to identify the basis for its contempt finding was in itself an abuse of discretion.”

In re U.S. Bureau of Prisons, No. 18-50512 (March 14, 2019).

.

Louisiana’s courts have seen a host of claims about asbestos exposure involving the Avondale Shipyard near New Orleans. (Now closed, Avondale was once the largest employer in Louisiana; to the right is the USS Iowa entering the shipyard for repairs.). In turn, those asbestos claims have led to a  stream of federal-court removals based on the “federal officer” statute. Those cases have brought to light some inconsistencies in Fifth Circuit precedent, culminating in a plea for en banc review in Latiolais v. Huntington Ingalls, which summarizes the present situation:

This case exemplifies the problem. Avondale refurbished vessels using asbestos insulation as directed by the Navy. Because Avondale ran its  own safety department free of Navy directives, however, any alleged failure by Avondale to warn its employees or others about asbestos is not an act under color of federal office, so Avondale is not being sued “for” a federal act. However, Avondale’s failure to warn about asbestos certainly “relates to” its federal act of building the ships. Applying the [current] statutory language would change the outcome of this appeal and would authorize removal of many more cases than the causal nexus test permits.

No. 18-30652 (March 11, 2019).

A 1994 Fifth Circuit opinion addressed whether the “Indian Tribes of Texas Restoration Act” or the “Indian Gaming Restoration Act” controlled Indian gaming in Texas (answer, the Restoration Act). In 2015, the National Indian Gaming Commission, citing intervening Supreme Court precedent, ruled otherwise. The Fifth Circuit declined to extend Chevron deference to that later ruling, noting:

“[This case] requires us to apply Chevron step one to a prior judicial interpretation and to determine whether that court employed traditional tools of statutory interpretation and found that Congress spoke to the precise issue. That is what Ysleta I did in holding that “the Restoration Act prevails over IGRA when gaming activities proposed by [the Pueblo or Tribe] are at issue. Consequently, the NIGC’s decision that IGRA applies to the Tribe does not displace Ysleta I.”

State v. Alabama-Coushatta Tribe, No. 18-40116 (March 14, 2019).

United States v. Ayelotan affirmed the conviction of three cybercriminals who stole money with “a sprawling international romance scam.” In addition to using the word “fauxmance” for the first time in a Fifth Circuit opinion, and among other holdings, the Court rejected hearsay objections to a number of emails related to the scheme:

• For each email, the transmittal records maintained by Google and Yahoo! qualified as business records;
• The statements were not offered to prove the truth of the matter of asserted; rather, they were “paradigmatic nonhearsay” in the form of “the operative words of the criminal action”;
• And the “remaining content . . . updates between the coconspirators about their criminal scheme–was admissible as opposing party and coconspirator statements under Rule 801(d).”

No. 17-60397 (March 4, 2019).

An insurer argued that its insured breached the policy’s cooperation clause by not dismissing a counterclaim against a third party. The Fifth Circuit disagreed: “Mid-Continent offers no law to support its novel and dubious concept that the Cooperation Clause applies to an insured’s affirmative claims against a third party, and the direction of the law in this area is against such a conclusion.” Mid-Continent Casualty Co. v. Petroleum Solutions, Inc., No. 17-20652 (Feb. 26, 2019).

Collateral estoppel is ordinarily an affirmative defense that must be pleaded, with two exceptions: (1) when both actions were brought in courts of the same district, or when all of the relevant facts are contained in the record and uncontroverted. OneBeacon Am. Ins. Co. v. Barnett, No. 18-60224 (Feb. 27, 2019).

In Louisiana Real Estate Appraisers Board v. FTC, the Fifth Circuit declined to apply the “collateral order” doctrine to an interlocutory order of an administrative agency, leaving open the possibility that the doctrine could so be applied in a different situation. No. 18-60291 (Feb. 28, 2019).

The Fifth Circuit’s new opinion in Seeligson v. Devon Energy changed its holding about a class-wide damages theory from its earlier opinion. The Court now concludes that while “it is possible that Plaintiffs could demonstrate that [Defendant] breached its implied duty to market” at a certain price, and “[i]f so, this is precisely the type of common question” that would support certification – “this court remains open as to whether damages can be ascertained on a classwide basis” and remanded for further evaluation of whether breach and damages “can be evaluated classwide or if a well-by-well analysis is required.” No. 17-10320 (revised February 20, 2019).

Contemporary mandamus practice in the Fifth Circuit is well-illustrated by In re JPMorgan Chase, in which the Court concluded:

1. An order requiring individual notice to 42,000 former Chase employees, as part of the conditional certification of a collective action under the FLSA, was not remediable by an ordinary appeal;
2. The issue of whether notice should be sent to employees with arbitration agreements — roughly 30,000 of the relevant employees — “has importance well beyond this case, so mandamus relief would be appropriate;
3. The district court’s decision to require notice to those “Arbitration Employees” was not a “clear and indisputable” error, given the state of the case law at the time of its decision; but 
4. After review of the law, the Court concluded that the district court was in fact wrong. As the court had now “issue[d] this published as a holding on these legal issues,” it stayed the case for thirty days “[t]o facilitate . . . review” of “its decision in light of this opinion, which is now binding precedent throughout the Fifth Circuit.”

No. 18-20825 (Feb. 21, 2019) (applying, inter alia. In re: Depuy Orthopaedics, Inc., 870 F.3d 345, 350 (5th Cir. 2017)).

A Mississippi regulatory board for engineers sought to ban the use of the phrase “Tire Engineers” by an oil-change business (right); the Fifth Circuit disagreed with it: “Evidence offered by both parties, particularly when viewed in the light most favorable to Express as the non-moving party, demonstrates that other states with similar statutes have not challenged the use of the trademark. Thus, despite claims to the contrary, the Board is an outlier in this respect, and it fails to address why alternative, less-restrictive means, such as a disclaimer, would not accomplish its stated goal of protecting the public. The Board thereby fails to satisfy the required burden of demonstrating a reasonable fit between its regulation and the constitutionally-protected speech.” Express Oil Change LLC v. Mississippi Board of Licensure for Profesional Engineers & Surveyors, No. 18-60144 (Feb. 19, 2019).

In a borrower’s lawsuit against the servicer of a home equity loan, the district court entered a partial final judgment pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) on January 4, 2018. Then, after further review of a remaining claim by a magistrate judge, it entered a second judgment resolving the rest of the case on January 31. The Fifth Circuit held that the notice of appeal was timely as to the second judgment, but not the first. The Court had considerable doubt about whether the appeal of the second judgment could be used to question whether Rule 54(b) had properly been invoked in the first, and also found that the district court had properly used that Rule to handle the borrower’s various claims. Johnson v. Ocwen Loan Servicing LLC, No. 18-10257 (Feb. 21, 2019).

Mardi Gras comes late this year – Tuesday, March 5 – here is the energy-filled parade schedule leading up to New Orleans’ big day.

Wallace alleged that he had been retaliated against in violation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; the dispute about the objective reasonableness of his beliefs about the disclosure of sales tax payments in turn led to an accounting dispute, which Wallace lost after his expert was found to not have been properly disclosed. Wallace argued that the pertinent testimony was lay rather than expert, but the Fifth Circuit disagreed:

Rule [the expert]’s training, education, and experience included “‘refinery economics, strategy management for commercial crude oil, business development,’ and . . . ‘transfer pric[ing] between operating segments.’” Notably, Rule did not deal explicitly with tax calculations, SEC reporting requirements, or investor relations. We conclude that Rule’s declaration as to paragraph 22 could not have been based on his lay experience as a Tesoro employee but rather on specialized accounting knowledge. Rule’s opinion on the application of tax accounting definitions to the SEC disclosures is an example of Rule applying his “specialized knowledge” to “help the trier of fact . . . understand the evidence.

Wallace v. Andeavor Corp., No. 17-50927 (Feb. 15, 2019).

The Coen Brothers’ 2008 movie, Burn After Reading, a comedy about spy agencies in pursuit of a “secret” document that is anything but, ends with the leaders of the CIA saying: “‘I guess we learned not to do it again,’  . . . despite not knowing exactly what they did[,]” Similarly, the revised panel majority in Nall v. BNSF Railway Co., in again finding a triable issue on the plaintiff’s disability-discrimination claim, observes:

“The dissent from our original opinion, as well as the petition for rehearing en banc and two amicus curiae submissions in support of it, expressed concern that the panel majority had imposed a new requirement for assertion of the direct-threat defense, to-wit: that in addition to showing that the employment decision was objectively reasonable, the employer must also establish that the process itself that was utilized in reaching that decision, considered separately, was objectively reasonable. Without commenting further on the efficacy of such an approach or on whether the panel majority actually adopted it, we emphasize that nothing in this substitute opinion should be understood as employing that reasoning.”

No. 17-20113 (revised Feb. 15, 2019) (emphasis added).A revised special concurrence continued to mourn the sprawl of the McDonnell-Douglas framework; a revised dissent praised the “well articulated” en banc petition and “persuasive” amicus submissions. The original opinions can be read here.

Xitronix Corp. alleged that KLA-Tencor Corp. violated the antitrust laws by fraudulently obtaining a patent from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The trial court granted summary judgment to KLA, appeal was taken to the Federal Circuit, which then transferred the appeal to the Fifth Circuit – who then transferred the case back to the Federal Circuit in Xitronix Corp. v. KLA-Tencor Corp. Distinguishing the recent Supreme Court case about an attorney malpractice claim involving patent law, Gunn v. Minton, 133 S.Ct. 1059 (2013), the Fifth Circuit observed:

“This case concerns a patent that is currently valid and enforceable, issued following a PTO proceeding heretofore viewed as lawful. This litigation has the potential to render that patent effectively unenforceable and to declare the PTO proceeding tainted by illegality. This alone distinguishes the present case from Gunn. The adjudication of this Walker Process claim also implicates the interaction between the PTO and Article III courts. The district court’s acerbic statements about the PTO at summary judgment point to the complexity of relations between proceedings in federal court and before the PTO.”

No. 18-50114 (Feb. 15, 2019).

A nonprofit lacked standing to pursue a facial First Amendment challenge to an IRS regulation in Freedom Path, Inc. v. Internal Revenue Service: “Freedom Path’s claimed inability to know what communications will be deemed in pursuit of an exempt function is not an injury arising from the four corners of the Revenue Ruling but quite explicitly from its application beyond the facial terms. Thus, Freedom Path’s claimed chilled-speech injury is not fairly traceable to the text of Revenue Ruling 2004-6, meaning it does not have standing to bring this facial challenge.” No. 18-10092 (Jan. 16, 2019).

Alaska Electrical Pension Fund v. Flotek Industries shows how demanding the federal securities laws are as to the issue of “scienter,” The plaintiffs alleged misrepresentations by the defendant about the viability of its software product called “FracMax,” which analyzes data about hydraulically-fractured oil and gas wells. These four alleged misrepresentations were not sufficient to produce the required “strong inference of scienter:

1. “Defendants’ repeated use of the term “conclusive” in describing FracMax’s effect, which Plaintiffs characterize as tantamount to assuring that FracMax’s data was irrefutable”;
2. “Defendants’ reference to FracMax data as “unadjusted” when, in fact, FracMax used an algorithm to adjust certain data”;
3. “Defendant Chisholm [the CEO]’s presentation at the September 11, 2015, conference of direct comparisons between several wells that used CnF [a technology measured by FracMax] versus several that did not, which Defendants concede relied on incorrect data for the non-CnF wells”; and
4. “Chisholm’s representation at this same conference that this data was ‘back check[ed] and validate[d],’ when Defendants later admitted that ‘Flotek had no internal controls in place to ensure the integrity of the FracMax database.'”

No. 17-20308 (Feb. 7, 2019).

The surprisingly-complex issue of voluntary dismissal, addressed  by Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a), led to the novel question in Welsh v. Correct Care LLC of whether the lack of an answer to an amended complaint, when the original pleading had been answered, allowed an automatic dismissal without prejudice. The Fifth Circuit held that it did not, and further noted that before the district court could condition such a dismissal on it being with prejudice, it would have to give the plaintiff a choice, as “[a] plaintiff typically ‘has the option to refuse a Rule 41(a)(2) voluntary dismissal and to proceed with its case if the conditions imposed by the court are too onerous.'” No. 17-11522 (Feb. 7, 2019).

The Fifth Circuit sidestepped a question about the scope of the “equitable mootness” doctrine, in favor of reliance on section 363(m) of the Bankruptcy Code, which (in the Court’s summary of the statute’s clunky terms) “limits the ability of appellate courts to review the sale of estate property when the order approving the transaction is not stayed.” To avoid the statute, the would-be appellant “says it does not challenge the sale of the property but only challenges the disbursement of cash to the probate estate.” That distinction did not moo-ve the Court, as it reasoned: “Without the more than $8 million payment, the probate estate would not have released its claim that it owned the Channelview shipyard. And without that release, San Jac Marine likely would have walked away from the deal. As the bankruptcy court noted, there is no way to sever
the settlement from the sale; they are mutually dependent.” No. 18-40350 (Feb.5, 2019).

The Coston Flare, the first technically and commercially viable maritime flare, was a universal attention-getting sign at sea for many years. Similarly, the “Rule of Orderliness Opinion” attracts en banc review in the Fifth Circuit; the most recent example being a January 17 panel dissent about circuit precedent on the viability of a patient’s implied right of action under the Medicaid Act, which led to a February 5 vote to take the issue en banc. In that spirit, yesterday’s 3-opinion panel resolution of Wittmer v. Phillips 66 Co.raises the question whether circuit precedent addresses Title VII’s applicability to discrimination based on sexual orientation. No. 18-20251 (Feb. 6, 2019).

The Pugas received a substantial judgment in their favor after a jury trial, arising from a collision with a truck controlled by RXC Solutions. The Fifth Circuit substantially affirmed, holding, inter alia:

• Preservation. The defendant’s FRCP 50(b) motion, based on the argument that federal law does not allow courts to hold motor carriers liable for the acts of independent contractors, was not permissible when its 50(a) motion only attacked the sufficiency of the evidence about the driver’s employee status and alleged negligence;
• Jury charge. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it “closely examined the statute, avoided the obvious, overbroad definition of motor carrier, and picked out the correct, limited definition.”
• Expert testimony. The defendant’s objections to the testimony of an accident investigator went to weight rather than admissibility, even though “[i]t did not take into account every possible explanation for the accident, and some measurements were missing.”
• Remittitur. “We measure disproportionality by applying a percentage enhancement to past similar awards. This enhancement is 50% for jury trials.”

Puga v. RCX Solutions, Inc., No. 17-41282 (Feb. 1, 2019).

St. Bernard Parish v. Lafarge North America, the long-running litigation about damages related to Hurricane Katrina and a large Lafarge barge, led to an appeal by Seymour – a former attorney for some of the claimaints, whose attempt to intervene in the case and collect his fee was rejected. The Fifth Circuit affirmed, noting, inter alia, that he was not entitled to rely upon representation of his interests by other parties after his 2011 withdrawal, and that he appeared capable of pursuing relief in other fora. No. 18-30029 (Feb. 1, 2019).

The removal statute does not allow an in-state defendant to remove a case, even if diversity exists. That rule imposes a substantial limitation on removable cases. But if such a removal survives to final judgment, the judgment will stand: ” The removal bar of 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b), however, is procedural and not jurisdictional. Therefore, ‘where there is improper removal, the pertinent question is whether the removed action could have been filed originally in federal court; and, if it could have been and the action has proceeded to judgment on the merits in federal court, that judgment will not be disturbed.'”   There is complete diversity, so the case could have been brought originally in federal district court. Furthermore, Lamb did not object to removal in the district court, and the case has proceeded to a judgment on the merits. Lamb v. Ashford Place Apartments LLC, No. 18-30469 (Jan. 30, 2019) (citations omitted, emphasis in original).

In Springboards to Education v. Houston ISD, an education-services company sued the Houston school district about a summer reading program. The company’s program, called the “Read a Million Words Campaign,” offered incentives to join the “Millionaire’s Reading Club” and gave prizes when students reached their reading goals. HISD’s program, focused just on summer reading, involved the “Houston ISD Millionaire Club” and similar sorts of goal-related gifts. In affirming a summary judgment for HISD, the Fifth Circuit made two important, general observations about the purposes of trademark law:

1. Trademark law protects marks – not process. “HISD could have copied the methodologies used in the Read a Million Words campaign step by step, and, whatever other problems that might have engendered, as long as it used clearly distinguishable nomenclature, Springboards would have no argument that HISD violated the Lanham Act in doing so.” The Court noted that a patent could, at least in theory, potentially protect such processes.
2. Purchaser confusion is the key – not “confusion” generally. The Court noted that confusion about the programs involving HISD students and their parents was relevant – but only to the extent it bore on the test for evaluating confusion by potential purchasers of Springboards’ products. “Looking the digits of confusion for guidance, we conclude that no reasonable jury could find a likelihood of confusion. Springboards’ marks are not widely known and are similar or identical to multiple third-party marks. HISD did not market the Houston ISD Millionaire Club to Springboards’ potential customers—i.e., third-party school districts. There is no evidence of an intent to confuse. And Springboards’ potential customers are sophisticated institutional purchasers that are not easily confused. The only digit pointing unwaveringly in Springboards’ favor is the similarity of the products. But even this does not strongly suggest a likelihood of confusion given the popularity of millionaire-themed literacy programs.” (emphasis added).

No. 18-20119 (revised Feb. 14, 2019).

Moss and Keating sued Princip, Martin, and the partnership to which the four of them belonged. The defendants removed the case, but after an adverse verdict, raised a problem with subject matter jurisdiction: Moss and Keating were diverse from Princip and Martin – but the partnership, as a citizen of every place the partners lived, was not. The district court dismissed the partnership from the case, finding it necessary but dispensable, and the Fifth Circuit affirmed:

“Although the plaintiffs raised claims for damages derivative of the partnership’s rights, the partnership’s presence in the suit was not necessary to protect the partnership or any of the parties from prejudice. The partnership was a party throughout the litigation, but its role was purely passive, reflecting the reality that its interests did not diverge from the interests represented by the four individual partners and that its  presence played no distinct role in the outcome of the suit against the individuals.”

Moss v. Princip, No. 16-10605 (Jan. 16, 2019).

84 Lumber lost, at the pretrial stage, a construction dispute with Paschen, a general contractor. Paschen then dismissed without prejudice its third-party action against J.A., a general contractor, after which 84 Lumber appealed. The jurisdictional question was whether that dismissal without prejudice made the case unappealable under Ryan v. Occidental Petroleum  577 F.2d 298 (5th Cir. 1978). The Fifth Circuit concluded that it did not: “The purpose of the Ryan rule is to prevent the appealing party from manufacturing jurisdiction by using an ‘end-run around the final judgment rule to convert an otherwise non-final—and thus nonappealable—ruling into a final decision appealable under § 1291.’ But the plaintiff, 84 Lumber, did not participate in Paschen’s dismissal of its remaining third-party claim against J & A, so it did not manufacture appellate jurisdiction.” 84 Lumber Co. v. Continental Casualty Co., No. 18-30170 (Jan. 24, 2019).

A reminder on a basic point of judgment finality for appeal purposes: “FRAP 4(a)(1)(1)(A) requires litigants to file a notice of appeal ‘within 30 days after entry of the judgment or order appealed from.’ The district court entered judgment on March 6, 2018. Kleinman moved for attorney’s fees on March 20, which the court awarded on June 26. Kleinman appealed both the judgment and the fees award on July 23—over four months late for the judgment on the merits. And contrary to Kleinman’s arguments, ‘[m]otions addressing costs and attorney’s fees . . . are considered collateral to the judgment, and do not toll the time period for filing an appeal.’” Kleinman v. City of Austin, No. 18-50612 (Jan. 25, 2019, unpubl.)

June Medical Services v. Gee, a 2-1 decision allowing various restrictions and regulations placed on abortion procedures by Louisiana (Judge Smith, writing for the majority, joined by Judge Clement, with Judge Higginbotham dissenting), recently went to an en banc vote that fell largely along the lines of the judges’ political party of nomination – 6 judges voted in favor of rehearing (Chief Judge Stewart and Judges Dennis, Southwick, Graves, Higginson, and Costa), and 9 judges voted against rehearing (Judges Jones, Smith, Owen, Elrod, Haynes, Willett, Ho, Engelhardt, and Oldham).

The fractured panel in Collins v. Mnuchin, which addressed the legality of “sweeps” of funds from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac by their regulator, led to a fascinating en banc argument today in New Orleans as the Court reviewed fundamental administrative-law issues.

The novel situation of a bankruptcy debtor, who emerged from bankruptcy proceedings solvent thanks to a luckily-timed rise in crude oil prices, gave rise to a fundamental if infrequently-encountered question: “whether the . . . creditors are ‘impaired’ by a plan that paid them everything allowed by the Bankruptcy Code.” The bankruptcy court said that they were, reasoning that a plan impairs a creditor if it refuses to pay an amount the Bankruptcy Code independently disallows; accordingly, it required a “make-whole” payment to certain creditors and set postpetition interest at a contractual rate. The Fifth Circuit saw a “monolithic mountain” of contrary authority, and reversed and remanded, holding that “the Code—not the reorganization plan—defines and limits the claim in these circumstances.” Ultra Petroleum Corp. v. Ad Hoc Committee, No. 17-20793 (Jan. 17, 2019), revised/shortened on rehearing, Nov 26, 2019.

The official investiture of the eight new Justices on the Fifth Court of Appeals will be at 3:30 on January 30, 2019, at the Belo Mansion in downtown Dallas.

After the November 2018 elections, the new leadership of Harris County moved to dismiss the appeal of long-running litigation about the county’s pretrial bail policy (most recently, the stay pending appeal granted in O’Donnell v. Goodhart, 900 F.3d 220 (5th Cir. 2018)). That panel rejected the movants’ request to vacate its opinion, noting the exceptional effort made to handle the case quickly and accurately, and finding that that situation was not analogous to an appeal that becomes moot. The panel agreed that “a merits panel is not bound by a motions panel,” but observed: “[T]hat is irrelevant because there is not, and never will be, a merits panel” as a result of the dismissal. O’Donnell v. Salgado, No. 18-20466 (Jan. 14, 2019).

In a counterpoint to last month’s decision in SEC v. Sethi, the Fifth Circuit reversed a summary judgment about whether oil-and-gas investment contracts qualified as “securities” for purposes of 10(b)(5) and 15(a) liability: “Fifteen investors also submitted affidavits declaring that they had the power to, and did in fact, vote on a variety of decisions. And the record does not show that Arcturus or Aschere took any significant actions without the investors’ prior approval. The fact that the investors voted and took actions to manage the drilling projects makes this case different than others where the district court appropriately granted summary judgment.” SEC v. Arcturus Corp., No. 17-10503 (Jan. 7, 2019).

Thompson v. Dallas City Attorney’s Office appears to present the first use, in the history of the federal judiciary, of both the words “augurs” and “morphed” in a circuit-court opinion. It also carefully reviews the “vexing” question of when an earlier Fifth Circuit opinion should not be followed, despite the “rule of orderliness,” because that opinion was inconsistent with Supreme Court precedent when written. The Court found that Henson v. Columbus Bank & Trust Co., 651 F.2d 320 (5th Cir. 1981) was such a case, noting:

• prior Supreme Court precedent on the relevant res judicata question, which Henson did not address or even acknowledge;
• further Supreme Court precedent, issued soon after Henson, reaffirming the earlier opinion;
• consistent Fifth Circuit case law since Henson that did not apply it; and
• a paucity of citations to Henson.

In sum: “Orderliness, rightly understood, compels deference, not defiance. And disregarding on-point precedent in favor of an aberrational decision flouting that precedent is the antithesis of orderlinesss.” No. 17-10952 (Jan. 11, 2019).

Swearingen sued her former employer, Gillar Home Health Care, for not accommodating her pregnancy-related disability. At trial, “liability turned on whether Swearingen sent Evelyn Zapalac, the supervisor who fired her, a doctor’s note to corroborate a medical-related absence or if Swearingen instead simply failed to report for work.” The trial court allowed the defense to read Zapalac’s deposition testimony rather than calling her live. The Fifth Circuit reversed and remanded. Swearingen v. Gillar Home Health Care LP, No. 17-20600 (Jan. 11, 2019) (unpublished).

While Zapalac lived 95.5 miles from the courthouse – 4.5 miles short of the 100-mile radius that makes a witness “unavailable” under Fed. R. Civ. P. 32 – the Court observed: “The Rule does not use a modifier such as ‘about’ or ‘approximately’ or ‘around.'” The Court further noted that this rule’s requirements have been “summarized . . . as prohibiting deposition testimony unless ”live testimony from the deponent is impossible or highly impracticable.'” And this error was harmful because “the only person who testified to knowing Zapalac did not receive the doctor’s note was Zapalac herself,” making “the harm . . . especially acute because liability inged on competing credibility determinations.”  Note that a different result would obtain in state court under Tex. R. Evid. 801(e)(1) which defines as a non-hearsay statement: “A Deponent’s Statement. In a civil case, the statement was made in a deposition taken in the same proceeding. ‘Same proceeding’ is defined in Rule of Civil Procedure 203.6(b). The deponent’s unavailability as a witness is not a requirement for admissibility.”

Wease established ambiguity in two aspects of a deed of trust. With respect to when a servicer could pay the borrower’s property taxes by the servicer, the key provision used the fact-specific phrase “reasonable or appropriate”; other provisions both suggested that the power was limited to back taxes, but also that it could be made “at any time.” Accordingly, “Wease was entitled to proceed to trial on his claim that Ocwen breached the contract by paying his 2010 taxes before the tax lien attached and before they became delinquent.” This analysis led to finding a triable fact issue as to whether Ocwen provided adequate notice of its actions. Wease v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, No. 17-01574 (Jan. 4, 2019). A revised opinion eliminated some statements about tax liens and when they took effect.

In Janvey v. GMAG, LLC, the Fifth Circuit returned to the “good faith” defense to a claim under the Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act – a defense that potentially allows an innocent third-party to retain the benefit of a transfer made by a debtor with intent to defraud creditors. The specific question was whether the Texas Supreme Court would accept a “futility” defense to inquiry notice, and the Court concluded that it would not: “No prior court considering TUFTA good faith has applied a futility exception to this exception, and we decline to hold that the Supreme Court of Texas would do so. Transferees seeking to retain fraudulent transfers might offer up evidence of undertaken investigations to prove a reasonable person’s suspicions would not have been aroused when the transfer was received. But the fact that a fraud or scheme is later determined to be too complex for discovery does not excuse a finding of inquiry notice and does not warrant the application of TUFTA good faith.” No. 17-11526 (Jan. 9, 2019).

In Conestoga Trust v. Columbus Life Ins. Co., the Fifth Circuit found that the trial court’s charge erroneously placed the burden of proof on the insured – rather than the insurer – as to an issue about delivery of a grace notice before termination of the policy. The next question was whether this error was sufficiently harmful to require reversal; the insured “claims that the district court’s improper placement of the burden constituted prejudicial error because, given the lack of direct evidence, the burden of proof was likely  outcome-determinative,” while the insurer “concludes that any error concerning the burden of proof is harmless because the record demonstrates that Columbus presented ample evidence that it mailed the Grace Notice.” Acknowledging that a burden-of-proof error does not automatically require reversal, the Court concluded:

“While the misallocation of the burden of proof did not produce an ‘irrational verdict’ here, the evidence—though largely in favor of Columbus—is not so one-sided that Conestoga failed to present a genuine issue of material fact. Given that the jury was incorrectly instructed on the law on the sole issue before it, we are left with ‘a substantial doubt whether the jury was fairly guided in its deliberations.'”

No. 17-50073 (Jan. 3, 2019, unpublished).

Justice Kavanaugh’s first signed Supreme Court opinion was a 9-0 reversal of the Fifth Circuit in Schein v. Archer & White, 17-1272 (Jan. 8, 2019). The Fifth Circuit opinion found that the district court, rather than the arbitrator, could make a decision about arbitrability when the request for arbitration was “wholly groundless”; the Supreme Court rejected that line of authority and held that this language vested the arbitrator with sole authority over such disputes:

“Disputes. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of North Carolina. Any dispute arising under or related to this Agreement (except for actions seeking injunctive relief and disputes related to trademarks, trade secrets, or other intellectual property of [Schein]), shall be resolved by binding ar- bitration in accordance with the arbitration rules of the American Arbitration Association [(AAA)]. The place of arbitration shall be in Charlotte, North Carolina.”

The Mississippi state flag incorporates the Confederacy’s “Stars and Bars”; in Mississippi Rising Coalition v. City of Ocean Springs, plaintiffs challenged a local ordinance requiring that the flag be flown over city hall and other municipal buildings. In particular, they alleged that the law “amounts to ‘racial steering’ under the [Fair Housing Act] because it deters African-Americans from living in or moving to Ocean Springs.” Citing recent authority that rejected the plaintiffs’ standing to bring an equal protection challenge to a similar law, the Fifth Circuit found that these plaintiffs also lacked both constitutional and statutory standing: “Even assuming arguendo that displaying a state flag could be considered ‘making’ or ‘publishing’ a ‘notice, statement, or advertisement,’ that alone does not plausibly suggest that the City has done
anything ‘with respect to the sale or rental of a dwelling.'” No. 18-60473 (Dec. 3, 2018).

I was on a CLE panel at the Belo today about the Texas anti-SLAPP statute with my partner Josh Sandler and Hon. Gena Slaughter of Dallas’s 191st District Court; here is a copy of our PowerPoint presentation.

Gurule, a waitress, sued her employer for violations of federal labor law about its handling of overtime and tips. After rejecting a Rule 68 settlement offer of $3,133.34, she went to trial and won $1,131.39. The district court awarded her that amount, as well as $25,089.30 in attorneys’ fees – a significant reduction from the $129,565 requested by her counsel – minus a cost award of $1,517.57, given her rejection of the Rule 68 offer. The Fifth Circuit affirmed, finding that the rejection of the Rule 68 offer should be considered as a relevant factor in determining an appropriate fee award, but not a dispositive one. Gurule v. Land Guardian, Inc., No. 17-20710 (Dec. 27, 2018).

In a residential foreclosure case, the borrower alleged that the bank/lender was vicariously liable for alleged RESPA violations by the servicer.  Noting that it was the first federal circuit court to address the point, the Fifth Circuit found that the lender could not be held vicariously liable. The regulation at issue imposed duties only on
servicers. (12 C.F.R. § 1024.41(c)(1) (“[A] servicer shall . . .”)) And when Congress wanted to expand liability, it used language showing its intent to do so. (12 U.S.C. § 2607 (saying that “no person” will pay kickbacks or unearned fees)). Christiana Trust v. Riddle, No. 17-11429 (Dec. 21, 2018).

Together with LPCH colleagues John Adams and Paulette Miniter, I’ve written three articles about the effect of the 2018 judicial elections in three areas:

• Removal. “Removal to Federal Court After the November 2018 Elections:
  More Incentive, But Less Receptiveness?”
• Standards of Review. The Return of Factual Sufficiency Review?
• Roles of judge and jury. Three Sentences to Study: Potential New Court of Appeals Perspectives

Ironshore, an excess insurance carrier, alleged that the Schiff Hardin law firm made negligent misrepresentations to it while reporting on litigation involving Dorel – the firm’s client and Ironshore’s insured. The Fifth Circuit made “an Erie guess that the Supreme Court of Texas would apply the attorney immunity doctrine to shield attorneys for such negligent misrepresentation claims.” It then concluded:

“The factual allegations of the complaint in this case reflect that all of the alleged misrepresentations and omissions were related to Schiff Hardin’s representation of Dorel in the Hinson litigation. Looking beyond Ironshore’s characterization of the firm’s conduct as wrongful, as we must, the type of conduct at issue in this case includes: (1) reporting on the status of litigation and settlement discussions; (2) providing opinions as to the strength and valuation of plaintiffs’ claims; (3) providing opinions as to the perceived litigation strategies employed by opposing counsel and the potential prejudice of pre-trial developments; (4) providing estimates of potential liability; (5) reporting on the progress of a jury trial; and (6) reporting on pre-trial rulings and pre-trial settlement offers. We are satisfied that the kinds of conduct at issue in this case fall within the routine conduct attorneys engage in when handling this type of litigation. Schiff Hardin’s conduct falls squarely within the scope of the firm’s representation of its client.”

Ironshore Europe DAC v. Schiff Hardin LLP, No. 18-40101 (Jan. 2, 2019).

A textbook example of the “rule of orderliness” appears in Gahagan v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, a dispute about the recovery of attorneys’ fees under FOIA by an attorney proceeding pro se:

• In Cazalas v. DOJ, 709 F.2d 1051, 1057 (5th Cir. 1983), a panel majority of the Fifth Circuit held that “a litigant attorney represent[ing] herself or himself” is eligible for “an award of attorney fees under the FOIA.”
• In Kay v. Ehrler, 499 U.S. 432, 438, 435 (1991), which arose under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, the Supreme Court rejected “[a] rule that authorizes awards of counsel fees to pro se litigants— even if limited to those who are members of the bar,” for fear it “would create a disincentive to employ counsel whenever such a plaintiff considered himself competent to litigate on his own behalf.” Therefore, “a pro se litigant who is also a lawyer may [not] be awarded attorney’s fees.”
• In Texas v. ICC, 935 F.2d 728, 733 (5th Cir. 1991), citing Cazalas, the Fifth Circuit held that :”courts can in appropriate circumstances award attorneys fees to states” under FOIA.

“Whether Cazalas is still binding turns on first- and second-order questions under the rule of orderliness. The first question is whether ICC requires us to follow Cazalas. It does not. The second question is whether Kay requires us to abandon Cazalas. It does.” Kay overruled the rationale of Cazalas, and while ICC nominally followed Cazalas, it did not analyze the effect of Kay.

Nall, who worked for BNSF as a trainman, suffered from Parkinson’s disease, and sued BNSF for disability discrimination. The panel majority noted that BNSF had provided different descriptions of a trainman’s duties at different times, and that a key BNSF witness agreed with a version that helped Nall’s position. It thus found a fact issue, specifically described as follows:

We emphasize that our inquiry on the issue of objective  reasonableness does not ask whether BNSF’s conclusion that Nall could not perform his job duties safely was a reasonable medical judgment. Instead, we ask whether  BNSF actually exercised that judgment. In other words, the question on appeal is not whether it was reasonable for BNSF to conclude that Parkinson’s disease symptoms prevented Nall from safely performing his duties; the question is whether BNSF came to that conclusion via a reasonable process that was not, as Nall alleges, manipulated midstream to achieve BNSF’s desired result of disqualifying him. More precisely, the question is whether there is any evidence in the record which, if believed, would be sufficient to support a jury finding.

(emphasis in original). A dissent observed: “There is no basis for imposing liability under the ADA based on process concerns alone. There is liability only if the employer’s determination of a direct threat is objectively unreasonable.” A concurrence noted the “kudzu-like creep” of the McDonnell-Douglas burden-shifting framework, and as to dissent, observed that it “reminds me of the baseball player who said, ‘They should move back first base a step to eliminate all those close plays.'” Nall v. BNSF Railway Co., No. 17-20113 (Dec. 27, 2018).

Koerner sued CMR about problems with a roof; to support his fraud claim, he cited an email from a CMR superintendent after an inspection of the roof: “I did not disclose or offer any info on my findings [to Koerner] and simply left [Koerner] assured we are working on correcting his leak issue, after all he is a lawyer and I know they are sneaky :).” The Fifth Circuit was unimpressed, observing: “The email . . .  does not say that [the superintendent] did not intend to fix the other problems in addition to the leak. He just did not want to tell Koerner about them because he thought Koerner was a sneaky lawyer.” Koerner v. CMR Const. & Roofing, LLC, No. 18-30019 (Dec. 7, 2018).

A serious car accident involving a texting driver led to a products-liability claim based on the human “neurobiological response” to a text message – “They alleged that the accident was caused by Apple’s failure to implement the [lockout mechanism] patent on the iPhone 5 and by Apple’s failure to warn iPhone 5 users about the risks of distracted driving. In particular, the plaintiffs alleged that receipt of a text message triggers in the recipient ‘an unconscious and automatic, neurobiological compulsion to engage in texting behavior.‘” The Fifth Circuit declined to extend Texas products law to this theory in this Erie case, recognizing an analogy to the development of dram-shop liability but ultimately finding that it weighed against recognizing this theory. Meador v. Apple, Inc., No. 17-40968 (Dec. 18, 2018).

Mauldin sued Gonzalez, Hernandez, and Allstate Insurance. The district court denied Mauldin’s motion to remand as to Gonzalez and entered a final judgment in Gonzalez’s favor. Two weeks later, it transferred the remaining claims to Oklahoma under § 1404(a). As to Gonzalez, it found that the remand ruling was appealable because it was combined with a final judgment – an exception to the general rule that denials of motions to remand are interlocutory and not appealable. And it found that the Fifth Circuit retained jurisdiction over the appeal about Gonzalez notwithstanding the transfer – an important if rarely-encountered point about the interplay among the jurisdiction of the federal circuits. Mauldin v. Allstate Ins. Co., No. 17-11274 (Dec. 10, 2018, unpublished).

• On the one hand, there is Texas v. Travis County, in which the Fifth Circuit rejected, on standing grounds, a declaratory judgment case brought by the State of Texas, which sought a ruling the constitutionality of new “sanctuary cities” legislation before its enforcement: “States are not significantly prejudiced by an inability to come to federal court for a declaratory judgment in advance of a possible injunctive suit by a person subject to federal regulation.”  No. 17-50763 (Dec. 12, 2018)). (quoting Franchise Tax Board v. Constr. Laborers Vac. Trust, 463 U.S. 1 (1983)).
• And on the other, headed to the Fifth Circuit from the Northern District of Texas, is Texas v. United States, finding that the entire Affordable Care Act was unconstitutional after elimination of the “individual mandate” in 2017: “In some ways, the question before the Court involves the intent of both the 2010 and 2017 Congresses. The former enacted the ACA. The latter sawed off the last leg it stood on. But however one slices it, the following is clear: The 2010 Congress memorialized that it knew the Individual Mandate was the ACA keystone; the Supreme Court stated repeatedly that it knew Congress knew that; and knowing the Supreme Court knew what the 2010 Congress had known, the 2017 Congress did not repeal the Individual Mandate and did not repeal § 18091.”  No. 4:18-cv-00167-O (N.D. Tex. Dec. 14, 2018).

This blog has a page of my tips about legal writing; several of those tips involve different tests to eliminate unhelpful extra words and passive voice. I recently learned of a new such test called “Anglish” that focuses on the origin of words, and seeks to use only words that entered the language before the Norman Conquest. (An example of the resulting prose, from Wikipedia: “I am of this opinion that our own tung should be written cleane and pure, unmixt and unmangeled with borowing of other tunges; wherein if we take not heed by tiim, ever borowing and never paying, she shall be fain to keep her house as bankrupt.“) I don’t recommend it for legal writing, but it is an interesting exercise that shows the remarkable ability of English to absorb words from other languages.

The Fifth Circuit found a waiver of the right to arbitrate in Forby v. One Technologies, finding as to the requirement of prejudice: “The district court erred in concluding that Forby failed to establish prejudice to her legal position. When a party will have to re-litigate in the arbitration forum an issue already decided by the district court in its favor, that party is prejudiced.” No.17-10883 (Nov. 28, 2018).

The district court found improper joinder and thus denied a motion to remand; the Fifth Circuit reversed in Cumpian v. Alcoa World Alumina LLC. The Court dissected the sometimes-confusing standard for determining whether a party’s joinder should be disregarded in determining the basis for a removal based on diversity jurisdiction, specifically concluding: “On a question of improper joinder at the early stage of a case, it is error to use the no-evidence summary judgment standard because the determination is being made before discovery has been allowed. . . . the evidence that is dispositive . . . are the facts that could be easily disproved if not true.” No. 17-40825 (Dec. 6, 2018)

“Sethi sold interests in an oil and gas joint venture.” The SEC then sued Sethi for selling unregistered securities, and the Fifth Circuit agreed with the SEC’s position that the joint venture interests at issue qualified as securities under federal law. That legal analysis turned on a 3-part test for whether an investment contract is a security: “(1) an investment of money; (2) in a common enterprise; and (3) on an expectation of profits to be derived solely from the efforts of individuals other than the investor,” followed by a flexible, multi-factor analysis of the term “solely,” designed “to ensure that the securities laws are not easily circumvented by agreements requiring a ‘modicum of effort’ on the part of investors.” SEC v. Sethi, No. 17-41022 (Dec. 4, 2018) (applying, inter alia, Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 404 (5th Cir. 1981)).

In this article, my colleague Paulette Miniter and I analyze the potential effect on federal-court removals of the recent changes to the Texas state bench (elections installing Democratic majorities on the largest intermediate appellate courts) and the Fifth Circuit (several new appointments by President Trump.

The Smiths lost a hard-fought wrongful death case against Chrysler; at the end of the day, Chrysler was awarded $29,412 in costs – approximately half of what it had requested after objections were sustained to some deposition-related expenses. The Smiths appealed and the Fifth Circuit affirmed under the factors in Pacheco v. Mineta, 448 F.3d 783 (5th Cir. 2006):

. . . wherein this Court explained that a district court may, but is not required to, deny a prevailing party costs where suit was brought in good faith and denial is based on at least one of the following factors: “(1) the losing party’s limited financial resources; (2) misconduct by the prevailing party; (3) close and difficult legal issues presented; (4) substantial benefit conferred to the public; and (5) the prevailing party’s enormous financial resources.” Importantly, we withheld judgment on whether “any of [the above factors] is a sufficient reason to deny costs.”

(citation omitted). Under those factors, “[w]e can assume that the plaintiffs brought suit in good faith and their financial condition is dire; even so the district court was not required to deny Chrysler its costs because of its comparative ability to more easily bear the costs. . . .   Although the court sympathetically found that the plaintiffs had established financial hardship, it felt compelled to overrule their general objection because they had not established misconduct by Chrysler, their suit did not present a close and difficult issue of unsettled law, and their case did not confer a substantial benefit to the public.” Smith v. Chrysler, No. 17-40901 (Nov. 26, 2018).

The mandamus petition in In re: Bryant, No. 18-60703 (Nov. 30, 2018, unpublished) arose from a dispute about governance of the airport in Jackson, Mississippi; the Governor sought to quash a court-ordered deposition of his chief of staff. The Fifth Circuit denied the petition – nominally – but essentially invited a return trip if the magistrate judge’s analysis was not sharpened on four key points:

We therefore deny the petition for writ of mandamus, but we do so without prejudice to the renewal of the petition, if needed, after the magistrate judge adequately addresses:

a) whether the information desired can be sought from alternative witnesses or must exclusively come from the Chief of Staff;

 

b) whether the legislators involved in the communications can be deposed;

c) whether the information desired can be obtained in another form; and

 

d) if it cannot be obtained in another form, whether the scope of the inquiry can be more closely tailored to target only the specific questions raised at the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition.

By denying the petition without prejudice in this manner, the Bryant case presents a new variation on a long-running theme in Fifth Circuit mandamus opinions. See In re DuPuy Orthopaedics, Inc., 870 F.3d 345 (5th Cir. 2017) (finding “the MDL court clearly abused any discretion it might have had and, in doing so, reached a ‘patently erroneous’ result,” but concluding: “[P]etitioners have the usual and adequate remedy of ordinary appeal. In fact, they have taken advantage of that remedy by appealing the judgment in the third bellwether trial on personal-jurisdiction grounds.”). In re: Crystal Power Co., 641 F.3d 82 (5th Cir. 2011) (“We confess puzzlement over why respondents insist on litigating this case in federal court even though . . . any judgment issued by the district court will surely be reversed . . . . “); In re: Trinity Industries, 872 F.3d 645 (5th Cir. 2014) (“The court is compelled to note, however, that this is a close case.”)