The PREP Act — a 2005 law allowing the HHS secretary to make a declaration that immunizes certain disaster responders from liability — was held not to completely preempt state-law negligence claims in Mitchell v. Advanced HCS. The Fifth Circuit noted:

• “First, the only cause of action [the PREP Act] creates is for willful misconduct. Assuming—without deciding—that the willful misconduct cause of action is completely preemptive, the question is whether Mitchell ‘could have brought’ the instant claims under that cause of action. He could not. The Act clearly states that its willful-misconduct cause of action creates ‘a standard for liability that is more stringent than a standard of negligence in any form or recklessness.'”
• “Second, the compensation fund that the Act creates is not completely preemptive under this court’s precedents. To begin, a ‘compensation fund is not a cause of action.’ It may be a civil-enforcement provision, but such provisions must nevertheless ‘create[] a cause of action.’ … Assuming arguendo that the compensation fund suffices as a cause of action, the Act nevertheless does not create ‘a specific jurisdictional grant to the federal courts for enforcement of the right.’ Instead, the Secretary oversees administration of the fund. Worse, the statute expressly withdraws jurisdiction from any court, state or federal, concerning ‘any action [taken] by the Secretary’ in doing so.”

No. 21-10477 (March 10, 2022) (citations omitted, emphasis added).

“Attempting to sidestep Rooker-Feldman, Paul argues that an exception to the doctrine allows for collateral review of state court judgments that are void ab initio for lack of jurisdiction. ‘This court has neither endorsed nor rejected [this] exception,’ and ‘[o]ur sister circuits are split on the issue.’ We need not resolve the split here, however, because even if we were to adopt this exception, ‘the cases that . . . recognize’ it ‘indicate that it is presently limited to the bankruptcy context.’ What is more, Paul’s basis for contesting the Texas courts’ jurisdiction is that the vexatious litigant statute is unconstitutional. But a judgment is not void simply because it applied an unconstitutional statute.” Nunu v. State of Texas, No. 21-20446 (March 17, 2022, unpublished).

FERC v. Ultra Resources presented a novel question about the interaction of the Bankruptcy Court and a filed-rate contract, and held “that under the particular circumstances presented here, Ultra Resources is not subject to a separate public-law obligation to continue performance of its rejected contract, and that 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(6) did not require the bankruptcy court to seek FERC’s approval before it confirmed Ultra Resource’s reorganization plan.” No. 21-20126 (March 14, 2022).

The long shadow of Edward Young (right), who served as Minnesota’s well-mustachioed Attorney General in the early 20th century, fell upon two companion cases about Texas election laws, in which a panel majority found that the Texas Secretary of State was not a proper defendant under Ex Parte Young.  A dissent (from both panel opinions) saw matters otherwise:

I write to remind failing memories of the signal role of Ex parte Young in directly policing the path of cases and controversies to the Supreme Court from our state and federal courts and warn against its further diminution. … ‘Ex parte Young poses no threat to the Eleventh Amendment or to the fundamental tenets of federalism. To the contrary, it is a powerful implementation of federalism necessary to the Supremacy Clause, a stellar companion to Marbury and Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee.’

…

The majority continues this Court’s effort to shrink the role of Ex parte Young, by overly narrow readings of the state officer’s duty to enforce Texas’s election laws. … [T]he Texas Secretary of State is the “chief election officer of the state” and is directly instructed by statute to “obtain and maintain uniformity in the application, operation, and
interpretation of this code and of the election laws outside this code.” Moreover, the Secretary is charged to “take appropriate action to protect the voting rights of the citizens of this state from abuse by the authorities administering the state’s electoral processes” and “to correct offending conduct.” Although recent decisions by this Court have split hairs regarding the level of enforcement authority required to satisfy Ex parte Young, the Secretary is charged to interpret both the Texas Election Code and the election laws outside the Code, including federal law, to gain uniformity, tasks it is clearly bound to do. The allegation in these cases is that the Secretary is failing in that duty. This charge should satisfy our Ex parte Young inquiry.

TARC v. Scott, No. 20-40643 (March 16, 2022); Richardson v. Flores, No. 20-50744 (March 16, 2022) (footnotes and citations omitted). (I was recently interviewed about the case by KDFW-TV in Dallas.)

A dispute about “fee forfeiture,” in the broader context of fidiuciary-duty breaches by a company’s lawyer, led to this observation about the proper role of the Burrow v. Arce fee-forfeiture factors: “[T]there is no “windfall” given the record in this case. Hughes unfairly transferred PPI’s assets to Performance Probiotics, in breach of her fiduciary duty to PPI, and then used those assets to generate the fees at issue. That is, even though Hughes was paid by Performance Probiotics, she was effectively paying herself with funds that were rightfully PPI’s. We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s award of fee forfeiture in this context as it accords with the general rule that disloyal agents must disgorge their ill-gotten gains.”  Thomas v. Hughes, No. 20-50671 (March 3, 2022).

“Hughes asserts there was insufficient evidence to establish that Pearcy had any trade secrets or that Hughes and Performance Probiotics improperly used any of Pearcy’s trade secrets. But Hughes did not raise these challenges in her oral [Fed. R. Civ. P.] 50(a) motion at trial. Instead, Hughes ‘move[d] for [a] directed verdict on the misappropriation of trade secrets [claim] on the ground[ ] that there [was] no evidence of an appropriate measure of damages for that cause of action,’ an argument she renewed in her Rule 50(b) motion and likewise urges here. Because Hughes did not challenge the existence of a trade secret or improper use in her initial Rule 50(a) motion, those issues were not properly raised in her post-trial Rule 50(b) motion. We therefore decline to address them on appeal.”

Thomas v. Hughes, No. 20-50671 (March 3, 2022).

A technical setting illustrated a basic requirement for a justiciable claim in Continental Automotive Systems v. Avanci:

“[A]ssuming Continental is contractually entitled to a license on FRAND [‘fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory’]  terms as a third-party beneficiary, the pleadings reflect that it has suffered no cognizable injury. Put another way, even if Continental has rights under FRAND contracts, the contracts have not been breached because the SEP [‘standard-essential patent’] holders have fulfilled their obligations to the SSOs [“standard-setting organizations”] with respect to Continental. The supplier acknowledges that Avanci and Patent-Holder Defendants are ‘actively licensing the SEPs to the OEMs[,]’ which means that they are making SEP licenses available to Continental on FRAND terms. As it does not need to personally own SEP licenses to operate its business, it has not been denied property to which it was entitled. And absent a ‘denial of property to which a plaintiff is entitled,’ Continental did not suffer an injury in fact. ”

 

No. 20-11032 (Feb. 28, 2022).

While Johnny Cash famously walked the line, the defendants in Earnest v. Sanofi U.S. Servcs., Inc., did not successfully walk the line between Rule 701 and 702, with respect to a senior company employee in a products-liability case: “While parts of Dr. Kopreski’s testimony fall within the parameters of Rule 701, he also strayed beyond ‘facts, . . . subjective beliefs[,] and opinions,’ within either his personal knowledge or his capacity as Sanofi’s corporate designee. He testified regarding highly specialized and technical information related to Taxotere, the TAX316 study, and drug studies in general.” No. 20-30184 (Feb. 10, 2022) (citation omitted).

The author of a popular inspirational book sued a school district for copyright infringement when a softball team and color guard posted an excerpt from it (the “WIN Passage”) on Twitter. The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district’s successful defense based on the defense of fair use, in an analysis both succinct and encyclopedic:

1. “[T]he purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes.” “This involves a few considerations. The first and most obvious is commerciality—’whether the user stands to profit from exploitation of the copyrighted material without paying the customary price.’ The second is whether the user acted in good faith. The third is whether the use is ‘transformative,’ meaning it ‘adds something new’ to the copyrighted work. The school district does not assert that its use was transformative but argues the other inquiries tip the first factor in its favor. We agree.”
2. “[T]he nature of the copyrighted work.” “’In general, fair use is more likely to be found in factual works than in fictional works.'” Here, ”[c]onstruing the pleadings in Bell’s favor as we must, the WIN Passage is somewhat creative. The passage largely consists of well-worn truisms …. Still, Bell is entitled to the inference that the school chose the WIN Passage because it combines and condenses these principles in a particularly inspiring way. The second factor goes to Bell. But it is a meager victory. The nature of the work is widely considered the least significant fair-use factor.”
3. “[T]he amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole.” “The school quoted a small excerpt from [the book] Winning Isn’t Normal, which was already freely available to the public. As a result, the third factor is neutral.”
4. “The fourth factor examines ‘the effect of the use’ on the market for and value of the copyrighted work.”  “[Bell’s] complaint contends that widespread
   use of the WIN Passage on social media could reduce “the incentive to
   purchase Winning Isn’t Normal or related merchandise. … The tweets do not
   reproduce such a substantial portion of Winning Isn’t Normal‘ as to make
   available a significantly competing substitute’ for the original work. If anything, the properly attributed quotation of a short passage from Winning Isn’t Normal might bolster interest in the book; it is free advertising.”

Bell v. Eagle Mountain Saginaw ISD, No. 21-10504 (Feb. 25, 2022) (all citations omitted).

The Texas Lawbook summarizes the many practical pointers from an hour-long discussion among Judges Haynes, Costa, and Ho at the recent Bench-Bar conference of the Northern District of Texas. Judge Hendrix from that District’s Lubbock Division moderated.

Continuing a not-infrequent practice, the Fifth Circuit denied mandamus relief in In re Royal Street Bistro while providing “[a] brief explanation” of the Court’s skeptical view of a controversial Seventh Circuit opinion about lessee rights. In conclusion, the Court observed: “None of this means that the bankruptcy and district courts’ overstatement of their reasoning created the kind of serious misinterpretation of law or facts that may support one of the criteria for mandamus relief. See In re JP Morgan Chase & Co., 916 F.3d 494, 500 (5th Cir. 2019). Courts must be cautioned, however, against blithely accepting Qualitech‘s reasoning and textual exegesis.” No. 22-30066 (Feb. 16, 2022).

“Karen does indeed have Article III standing to bring this suit. She seeks money damages to address the death of her son, which was allegedly caused by Defendants’ conduct. So she has sufficiently alleged all three elements required to establish Article III standing at this stage. … The defect here, by contrast, is one of prudential standing. And prudential standing does not present a jurisdictional question, but ‘a merits question: who, according to the governing substantive law, is entitled to enforce the right?’ … And a violation of this rule is a failure of “prudential” standing. ‘[N]ot one
[of our precedents] holds that the inquiry is jurisdictional.’ It goes only to the validity of the cause of action. And ‘the absence of a valid … cause of action does not implicate subject-matter jurisdiction.'” Abraugh v. Altimus, No. 21-30205 (Feb. 14, 2022) (citations omitted) (emphasis added, citations omitted).

Hess Corp. v. Schlumberger Tech. Corp. notes an interesting, and seemingly unanswered, question about section 2.608 of the UCC, which says that a “buyer may revoke his acceptance of a lot or commercial unit whose non-conformity substantially impairs its value to him if he has accepted it …..” (emphasis added). One side suggested that this phrase should be read in conjunction with section 2.715, which allows a buyer to recover damages “resulting from the seller’s breach,” while another advocated looking to a line of cases that ask whether a contract breach was a “producing cause” of an injury. The Court noted a dearth of Texas authority tying either suggested approach to this specific UCC provision. No. 20-20663 (Feb. 7, 2022).

A fiery dissent (literally fiery, as it warns that “the Good Ship Fifth Circuit is afire”) in Sambrano v. United Airlines faults the majority for, among other matters, not publishing the opinion. No. 21-11159 (Feb. 17, 2022). The opinions’ review of Fifth Circuit Local Rule 47.5.4 echoes a long-running debate, throughout all appellate courts, about the benefits and detriments of having multiple tiers of judicial precedent.

Texas practitioners will recall similar debate leading up to the adoption of Tex. R. App. P. 47.4, the “memorandum opinion” rule. They will also likely see similarities between this strongly worded dissent and the concurrence in Steward Health Care System v. Saidara from the Dallas Court of Appeals in 2021, which also examined the policy judgments embodied in a different set of appellate-procedure rules.

One issue in Hess Corp. v. Schlumberger Tech. Corp., a UCC case about the oil-and-gas industry, was whether the district court made clearly erroneous fact findings about a party’s compliance with a contract provision; specifically, whether “the difference between the Greene Tweed drawings and the 2004 validated valve was ‘insubstantial.'” The Fifth Circuit approached the issue in three steps:

1. Relevant Supreme Court precedent: “The Supreme Court has explained how to apply a clear-error standard to a district court’s credibility findings at a bench trial. The Anderson Court cautioned that a trial court could not ‘insulate [its] findings from review by denominating them credibility determinations’ and outlined certain ‘factors’ for consideration that could show error. Namely, ‘[d]ocuments or objective evidence may contradict the witness’ story; or the story itself may be so internally inconsistent or implausible on its face that a reasonable factfinder would not credit it.’ If ‘such factors are present, the court of appeals may well find clear error even in a finding purportedly based on a credibility determination.’” (citations omitted).
2. Relevant Circuit precedent: “We applied Anderson in an appeal involving a fatal maritime collision between a tug and a shrimper; the district court had considered physical evidence, expert testimony analyzing the physical evidence, and independent witness testimony. The district court determined that the tug was at fault. We considered the ‘plausibility and internal consistency” of the shrimper’s account, in addition to the actual evidence. Id. We found that ‘physical evidence strongly support[ed]’ the tug’s case; the tug’s expert witness was far more qualified than the shrimper’s expert and considered more information in making his assessment; the independent witness testimony was ‘inconsistent with the [shrimper’s] account of the collision’; and the shrimper’s account smacked of ‘sheer implausibility.’ Accordingly, we were left with the ‘definite and firm conviction” that the evidence showed clear error by the district court.'” (citation omitted, applying In re Luhr Bros., 157 F.3d 333 (5th Cir. 1998)).
3. Conclusion. “The drawings for the seal did not change from 2003 to 2014, and Schlumberger presented some evidence showing a series of springs from 2005 to 2015 that were manufactured within the tolerances specified in the drawings. Although it is clear that Greene Tweed produced springs that were outside the tolerances dictated by the drawings and thus did not conform, it is certainly not “implausible” that Greene Tweed manufactured its valves “to the qualified drawings” under the design-requirement-only interpretation of Section 6.3.2.2 adopted by the district court.”

No. 20-20663 (Feb. 7, 2022).

An argument that a summary-judgment motion was granted prematurely failed when:

“[T]he response did not ‘identify specific facts below that would alter the district court’s analysis’ or in any way /demonstrate . . . how the additional discovery would likely create a genuine [dispute] of material fact.’ Rather, it simply asserted that ‘no depositions have been held, nor have interrogatories, requests for admission, nor requests for documents been exchanged between the parties’ and that the ‘defendant has repeatedly failed to provide evidence of its allegations despite numerous opportunities to do so.'”

MDK v. Proplant, No.21-20207(Feb. 9, 2022) (mem. op.).

While expediting consideration of the merits, a Fifth Circuit panel declined to stay a national injunction against a vaccination requirement for federal employees; a detailed dissent would have granted an interim stay of the injunction. Feds for Medical Freedom v. Biden, No. 20-30090 (Feb. 11, 2022). A thorough (albeit, highly partisan) article about the case recently appeared in Slate.

“To be sure, the order on appeal is the district court’s order denying Doe’s motion to re-open the case and sever the cost-splitting provision of the arbitration agreement—not its order compelling arbitration. But that makes no difference for our purposes. As both parties acknowledge, Doe’s motion to re-open and sever was, in effect, nothing more than a motion to reconsider the merits of part of the district court’s order compelling arbitration. And we have no more jurisdiction to review an order declining to reconsider an order compelling arbitration than we do to review the order compelling arbitration itself.” Doe v. Tonti Mgmnt. Co., No. 21-30295 (Jan. 31, 2022).

Hurricane Harvey insurance litigation continues. The dispute in Landmark Am. Ins. Co. v. SCD Mem. Place II, LLC involved a “named perils” policy, one of which was “Windstorm or Hail associated with a Named Storm.” While the unfortunate insured experienced significant damage when Buffalo Bayou overflowed its banks and flooded the insured’s property, it did not experience any wind or hail damage. The Fifth Circuit sided with the insured, holding that “[t]his framing sets up ‘Windstorm’ and ‘Hail’ as specific perils that may be associated with a number of weather events rather than as weather events that may encompass any number of perils.” No. 20-20389 (Feb. 3, 2022)

Mike Lynn and I have an article in the latest Oklahoma Law Review about a fiendishly tricky issue with some “battles of the forms” under the Uniform Commercial Code. A few years back, Mike had a hard-fought trial about this issue in the context of the roof insulation for a big warehouse near D/FW Airport. I hope you enjoy it – and can use it someday in your next UCC case – https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/olr/vol74/iss2/3

In Fessler v. Porcelana Corona de Mexico, the Fifth Circuit flushed an attorneys-fee award in a class-action case about allegedly defective toilets, concluding that the district court had not plunged deeply enough into the factor of “degree of success obtained” — “[T]he [district] court stated simply that ‘the work done did not prove fruitless—it resulted in two settled classes receiving a host of monetary and non-monetary benefits they would not have received but for the Class Counsel’s diligent work.’ In other words, not receiving every bit of relief requested is no reason to reduce the lodestar. But this misconstrues Fifth Circuit precedent. The court was required to consider what was sought— compensatory, punitive, and treble damages for five tank models manufactured across nine years. Yet, the Class members only received a maximum of $4000 in damages for two tank models manufactured in one year.” No. 20-40357 (Jan. 10, 2022) (footnote omitted).

The Fifth Circuit found that the state-law question about liquor-sale permits presented by Gabriel Inv. Group v. TABC “checks every box” for certification, reasoning:

1. “The first factor—the closeness of the question and the existence of sufficient sources of state law—weighs in favor of certification. … Both parties have solid textual and structural support for their positions. Likewise, the Commission does not challenge GIG’s contention that the disputes in this case are questions of first impression in any court.”
2. “The second factor—the degree to which considerations of comity are relevant in light of the particular issue and case to be decided—similarly weighs in favor of certification. The Legislature enacted its general ban on public corporations owning or controlling package store permits in 1995, over 26 years ago. According to the parties, only two public corporations—GIG and Sarro Corp., who is not a party to this case—qualify for Grandfather Clause treatment. That may not seem like many. But when you factor in that GIG and Sarro could control up to 500 package stores between the two of them, it threatens to blow a Texas-sized hole in the careful balance that the Legislature created.” (footnotes omitted).
3. “The third factor—practical limitations on the certification process—also weighs in favor of certification. The questions that GIG asks are purely legal. And we are untroubled by any potential delay. ‘[B]y long tradition, the Texas Supreme Court graciously accepts and prioritizes certified questions from this circuit.'”

No. 21-50322 (Jan. 28, 2022).

A Texas law firm sued an Ohio firm, alleging the breach of an agreement about a substantial fee. The Fifth Circuit affirmed dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction, crisply summarizing key Circuit precedent for commercial tort and contract claims. (To the right is 600Camp’s standard personal-jurisdiction graphic, the classic comic book hero Plastic Man).

• Tort: “Walden and Sangha largely resolve this issue. Danziger alleges in support of its fraud and unjust enrichment claims (1) that Morgan Verkamp failed to disclose its representation of Epp when responding to an unsolicited email from Danziger about the Epp case and (2) that Morgan Verkamp continued not to disclose its representation of Epp while the two firms worked together on other cases. Danziger alleges in support of its tortious interference with prospective contractual relations claim that Morgan Verkamp emailed Epp (who is not alleged to have been in Texas) to convince him not to formalize his relationship with Danziger. Thus, although Morgan Verkamp’s allegedly tortious conduct may have affected Danziger in Texas, none of this conduct occurred in Texas.”
• Contract: “Danziger alleges in support of its breach of contract claim that: (1) Epp reached out to Danziger about a potential qui tam matter; (2) Danziger arranged two conference calls between itself, Morgan Verkamp, and Epp; (3) Danziger and Morgan Verkamp agreed telephonically to split any fees they received from their work on the Epp matter; (4) the parties exchanged several emails with each other and Epp regarding their potential representation of Epp; and (5) Morgan Verkamp ultimately represented Epp in a Pennsylvania lawsuit but refused to split the fees that it received from the case.  Thus, unlike Electrosource, this case does not nvolve ‘wide reaching contacts and contemplated future consequences within the forum state.’ And unlike Central Freight, ‘[t]he plaintiff’s Texas location’ was not
  ‘strategically advantageous to the defendant …, suggesting that the defendant had purposefully availed itself of doing business in Texas.’ Rather, as in Trois, ‘[t]he only alleged Texas contacts related to contract formation or breach are [the defendant’s] conference calls negotiating the agreement while [the plaintiff] was in Texas.’ … And like Holt Oil, the defendant’s ‘communications to Texas rested on nothing but “he mere fortuity that [the plaintiff] happens to be a resident of the forum.”‘ As we held in Moncrief Oil, ‘mere fortuity that one company
  happens to be a Texas resident … is not enough to confer jurisdiction.'”

Danziger & De Llano, LLP v. Morgan Verkamp, LLC, No. 21-20186 (Jan. 27, 2022) (citations omitted, emphasis in original).

Echoing the Texas Supreme Court’s skepticism about Wikipedia as a source in D Magazine Partners, LP v. Rosenthal, 529 S.W.3d 429 (Tex. 2017), the Fifth Circuit held that the Wayback Machine was not a proper subject of judicial notice “because a private internet archive falls short of being a source whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned as required by [Fed. R. Evid.] 201.” The Court offered suggestions for how Wayback Machine information could be authenticated, and noted a page on the Wayback site that discusses the use of its material as court evidence. Weinhoffer v. Davie Shoring Inc., No. 20-30568 (Jan. 20, 2022).

The Marys, landowners in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, complained that a pipeline had exceeded the scope of a servitude over their land, and sought disgorgement of the pipeline’s profits. The Fifth Circuit reviewed “the concepts of accession and fruits under Louisiana property law.” Unfortunately for the Marys, while they had an ownership interest in the intrusive pipeline by “accession,” it was also the case that: “[T]he gas at issue here was not taken from [their] land. It was produced from the Pedro Well, located on the neighbor’s land.” Accordingly, the “gas is not a fruit; it is a product,” and disgorgement was not an available remedy. Mary v. QEP Energy Co., No. 21-30195 (Jan. 18, 2022).

By popular demand, the nationally respected jury consultant Jason Bloom returns to the “Coale Mind” podcast after his insightful interview last year about the restart of jury trials after the 2020 quarantines. In this new 2022 episode, he discusses his insights from the continued return of jury trials.

Jason describes how, across the country, prospective jurors are more eager to be selected and serve on juries than ever before, reflecting a national mood that wants to reassert control over government after many months of uncertainty and frustration. Relatedly, jury deliberations are emphasizing a theme of “accountability”–examining which party to a case has demonstrated responsibility for its actions and decisions.

Obviously important for trial lawyers, Jason’s insights are also critical to understanding America’s political dialogue as society continues to reawaken after the COVID pandemic. Whether acting as jurors, voters, or customers, decisionmakers bring very specific interests and desires to 2022 that must be understood and accommodated to make effective policy.

A high-profile case about a child’s gruesome accident produced considerable media coverage, but the insurer’s awareness of that coverage did not satisfy the insurance policy’s “claim” requirement: “The fact that [the insured] became aware of media reports about Braylon’s injuries and sent those reports to Evanston, which in turn opened an internal ‘Claim/Occurrence’ file and monitored further developments, does not substitute for the Jordans actually making a timely claim against M&O. Their failure to do so is fatal to their assertion of coverage.” Jordan v. Evanston Ins. Co., No. 20-60716 (Jan. 17, 2022).

An unexpected cameo by William Butler Yeats . . .

. . . set the tone for an issue of ancillary jurisdiction, and a holding that when a case is dismissed per a settlement, the district court may keep jurisdiction to enforce that settlement — and no more:

“When the parties settle their dispute and seek dismissal, the court may choose to treat the parties’ settlement as part of its dismissal order, either by retaining jurisdiction to enforce the settlement or by directly integrating the settlement into the dismissal order. If the court does that, breaching the settlement would violate the court’s order, and ancillary jurisdiction to enforce the agreement would therefore exist.’ [” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life, 511 U.S. 375, 381 (1994)].

…

But the power to enforce a settlement is just that. It’s not a blank check. It doesn’t authorize the district court to reach new issues or issues that only relate to the settlement. The court may decide ‘whether and under what terms’ to enforce the settlement, but it may go no further without an
independent basis for jurisdiction. Wise v. Wilkie, 955 F.3d 430, 436 (5th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up)).”

Vikas WSP, Ltd. v. Economy Mud Prods. Co., No. 20-20309 (Jan. 10, 2022).

Key aspects of an asbestos-exposure case presented genuine issues of material fact, rather than impermissible speculation, and made summary judgment inappropriate:

• Potential exposure to airborne material. “[T]he MDL court accepted that Williams worked, for some amount of time, in a building that had asbestos, and expert testimony indicates the asbestos was deteriorating and becoming airborne during his tenure. An inference taken in favor of the non-moving party would be that Williams, who for some amount of time had to breathe in the spaces where asbestos was deteriorating, was exposed to this airborne asbestos. The MDL court, though, found that there was ‘no evidence that [Williams] was ever exposed to respirable asbestos dust at any location in the facility'” (the Court also noted expert testimony on this point);
• Location at a key time. “[I]n a summary judgment order rendered that same day regarding another defendant, the MDL court relied on evidence that Williams saw individuals in moon suits to assume he was present during the asbestos remediation. Just the opposite seems to have been inferred here, as the MDL court in Boeing’s summary judgment order stated that there was ‘no evidence that [Williams] was working nearby (or in that building at all) when that remediation work was performed”;
• Excluding alternative possible locations at the key time. “[T]he MDL court also found that the evidence that Williams primarily worked in Building 350 was not ‘sufficiently specific’ to allow a jury to conclude he was exposed to asbestos during an abatement project because ‘[t]he evidence that Decedent primarily worked in Building 350 does not exclude the possibility that he was not working there during the asbestos abatement project.’ Finding to the contrary, the MDL court found, ‘would be impermissibly speculative.’ We conclude that ‘speculation’ would not be involved, only a potentially reasonable inference.”

Williams v. Boeing Co., No. 18-31158 (Jan. 18, 2022).

“Most of Sea Wasp’s appeal challenges the district court’s summary judgment rulings finding it liable under both federal and state law. Despite those rulings, however, the court ultimately entered a judgment ‘that Plaintiff takes nothing and that Plaintiff’s case against Defendant is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.’ In other words, Sea Wasp won the war even if it lost some battles along the way. Because the final judgment was a full victory for Sea Wasp, it is not an aggrieved party entitled to bring a cross appeal.” Domain Protection LLC v. Sea Wasp, LLC, No. 20-40411 (Jan. 13, 2022) (emphasis added).

The Texas Lawbook reports that Judge Gregg Costa will resign his position on the Fifth Circuit this summer. Please check the Lawbook‘s page for further information.

A footnote in June Medical Services v. Phillips detailed the Fifth Circuit’s procedures for documents sealed in the trial court.

“When presented with an appeal, we routinely unseal documents that were sealed in the district court when those documents are used on appeal and there is no legal basis for sealing. Indeed, we often do this sua sponte.  In [one recent case], he district court sealed parts of the record pursuant to a stipulated protective order ‘in an effort to accommodate the defendant’s concerns about its trade secrets becoming public.’ Notwithstanding the stipulated protective order in that case, this court denied the appellant’s unopposed motion to place record excerpts under seal and ordered that the record excerpts be unsealed. . Indeed, when parties in this court seek to file documents under seal on appeal, the clerk’s office sends them a standard letter that requires them to ‘explain in particularity the necessity for sealing in this court. Counsel do not satisfy this burden by simply stating that the originating court sealed the matter, as the circumstances that justified sealing in the originating court may have changed or may not apply in an appellate proceeding.””

No. 21-30001-CV (Jan. 7, 2022) (citations omitted).

In Newman v. Cypress Env. Mgmnt.:

• Newman, a pipeline inspector, had an Employment Agreement with Cypress, a business that supplied pipeline inspectors for client projects, and that agreement had an arbitration clause;
• A Cypress affiliate entered a contract to supply services to Plains, a pipeline company
• Newman brought an FLSA action against Plains for unpaid overtime, and Plains sought to compel arbitration, citing the provision of the Newman-Cypress contract.

The Fifth Circuit held that Plains was not a third-party beneficiary of that contract and could not enforce it, noting: “First, Newman’s incorporated-by-reference Pay Letter [between the Cypress affiliate and Plains] did not clearly and fully spell out that Plains could take legal action if either Newman or Cypress breached its terms. To the extent that it named Plains at all, the Pay Letter merely list ‘Plains-Pipeline’ as the ‘Client.’ … [and] Second, the Employment Agreement itself did not clearly and fully spell out that Plains could take legal action if Newman decided to breach its other terms.” No. 21-5023 (Jan. 7, 2022) (emphasis in original).

Terry Black’s Barbecue provides outstanding Texas barbecue from its location in Dallas’s Deep Ellum neighborhood; it also experienced business interruptions from complying with various stay-at-home orders issued during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court’s conclusion that Terry Black’s did not have business-interruption coverage because it did not suffer a direct physical loss of property at its restaurants. The Court reasoned:

…  A “physical loss of property” cannot mean something as broad as the “loss of use of property for its intended purpose.” None of those words fall within the plain meaning of physical, loss, or property. And that phrase has an entirely different meaning from the language in the BI/EE provision. “Physical loss of property” is not synonymous with “loss of use of property for its intended purpose.”
We conclude the Texas Supreme Court would interpret a direct physical loss of property to require a tangible alteration or deprivation of property. Because the civil authority orders prohibiting dine-in services at restaurants did not tangibly alter TBB’s restaurants, and TBB having failed to allege any other tangible alteration or deprivation of its property, the policy does not provide coverage for TBB’s claimed losses.

Terry Black’s Barbecue BBQ, LLC v. State Automobile Mut. Ins. Co., No. 21-50078 (Jan. 5, 2022).

The en banc case of Cochran v. SEC, No. 19-10396 (Dec. 13, 2021), presented a difficult statutory-interpretation case, overlaid on fundamental issues about the limits of the administrative state. The majority held that the 1934 Securities Exchange Act did not divest district courts of jurisdiction over “structural constitutional claims” about SEC enforcement actions: “Cochran’s removal power claim is wholly collateral to the Exchange Act’s statutory-review scheme, is outside the SEC’s expertise, and might never receive judicial review if district court jurisdiction were precluded.” An informative concurrence examined the continuing influence of Woodrow Wilson and James Landis (the SEC’s second director) on modern thinking about the power and pervasiveness of federal administrative agencies.

The Texas Lawbook recently published a good feature by Androvett Legal Media & Marketing about the top Texas legal stories of 2021 (in which I discuss the hard-fought litigation about SB8, the new Texas abortion law). It’s worth a look while preparing for law practice in this New Year.

The defendant in United States v. Meals sought to suppress evidence obtained when Facebook monitored his inappropriate online communication.  His conviction was affirmed: “Under the private search doctrine, when a private actor finds evidence of criminal conduct after searching someone else’s person, house, papers, and effects without a warrant, the government can use the evidence, privacy expectations notwithstanding.” And while a federal statute “mandates reporting child exploitation on internet platforms to the [National Center for Missing and Exploited Children], … it neither compels nor coercively encourages internet companies to search actively for such evidence” and thus did not bring Facebook within a “government agent” exception to the private-search doctrine. No. 20-40752 (Dec. 30, 2021).

Walmart sued the U.S. government, seeking declaratory judgments on several issues about the enforcement of laws related to opioids. In the meantime, the the US brought an enforcement action against Walmart in Delaware. The panel in Walmart, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice concluded that the Delaware action made this declaratory-judgment case unnecessary; two judges also concluded that Wal-Mart had not identified a specific type of action or decision as to which the United States had waived sovereign immunity in the Administrative Procedure Act. No. 21-40157 (Dec. 22, 2021).

In DeOtte v. State of Nevada, the district court’s injunction about the contraceptive mandate in the Affordable Care Act became moot after a 2020 Supreme Court opinion. The State of Nevada, a latecomer to the case, sought vacatur of the injunction.

The Fifth Circuit summarized the applicable principles. Its “authority to vacate comes from [28 U.S.C. § 2106] that provides that an appellate court ‘may affirm, modify, vacate, set aside or reverse any judgment, decree, or order of a court lawfully brought before it for review.'” (emphasis omitted). Under that statute:

“[V]acatur is not automatic; it is ‘equitable relief’ and must ‘take account of the public interest.’  Precedents ‘are not merely the property of private litigants and should stand unless a court concludes that the public interest would be served by a vacatur.’  A court must assess ‘the equities of the individual case’ to determine whether vacatur is proper. This consideration centers on (1) ‘whether the party seeking relief from the judgment below caused the mootness by voluntary action’; and (2) whether public interests support vacatur.”

(citations omitted). After a thorough review of Nevada’s unusual procedural position in the case, the Court found that Nevada had standing (in the language of the statute, had “lawfully brought” the appeal), and granted Nevada the requested relief of vacatur. No. 19-10754 (Dec. 17, 2021).

Reminder: “Standing to appeal a bankruptcy court order is, of necessity, quite limited. … [t]his test is an even more exacting standard than traditional constitutional standing.” Dean v. Seidel, No. 21-10468 (Dec. 7, 2021) (citations omitted).

Therefore: “Here, the order on appeal — approval of a litigation funding agreement — does not affect whether Dean’s debts will be discharged. Neither does it affect Reticulum’s related pending case in which it ‘objected to Dean’s bankruptcy discharge and to discharge of its claims against Dean.’ Dean thus does not have bankruptcy standing because he cannot show how the order approving the litigation funding agreement would directly, adversely, and financially impact him.”

Under Wyoming law, an indemnity agreement related to an oil-field injury could not be enforced; under Texas law, it could be. Applying the Restatement’s choice-of-law framework, the Fifth Circuit concluded:

1. More significant relationship. “The section 188 contacts rack up points for Wyoming. Cannon started negotiations by contacting KLX’s Wyoming office, and the parties executed the agreements in Wyoming and West Virginia. These place-of-negotiation-and-contracting contacts favor Wyoming and overwhelmingly disfavor Texas. … The only debatable section 188 contact is the principal place of business. Cannon leans on this contact, arguing that it favors Texas because the agreement was drafted by a Texas-based company. But although KLX’s principal place of business is in Texas, its Texas presence is negated by Cannon’s Wyoming domicile.”
2. Materially greater interest. “Wyoming’s interest in promoting worker safety in its oilfields is at its zenith on these facts. The underlying state court proceeding—in which a Wyoming resident was injured in Wyoming by the alleged negligence of a Wyoming oil company—implicates Wyoming’s policy with precision. Enforcing the indemnity provision would discourage what Wyoming hopes to encourage Cannon’s taking steps to avoid injuries in its oilfield operations. On the other side of the scale, Texas’s interest in this dispute is more attenuated. Its interest in enforcing the contract of one of its businesses is lessened when the contract was not negotiated, drafted, or performed within its borders.”
3. Fundamental policy. “Wyoming’s ban on oilfield indemnification is codified and voids any such agreement as being ‘against public policy.’ … Because Wyoming “has taken the unusual step of stating [the policy] explicitly” in a statute, and “will refuse to enforce an agreement” contrary to the policy even when other states connected to the agreement would enforce it, the anti-indemnity policy is a fundamental one.” (citations omitted).

Cannon Oil & Gas Servcs., Inc. v. KLX Energy Services, L.L.C, No. 21-20115 (Dec. 10, 2021).

Yes, it’s kind of a pain, and yes, it comes around every year. But you have a voice in the oft-cited “Super Lawyers” awards, and you can make it heard on the Super Lawyers’ website: Nominations are due by December 16, 2021

The district court certified a class based on a Texas statute about late fees, which says: “A landlord may not charge a tenant a late fee for failing to pay rent unless … the fee is a reasonable estimate of uncertain damages to the landlord that are incapable of precise calculation and result from late payment of rent.” 

The panel majority in Cleven v. Mid-Am. Apartments disagreed with the district court’s reading of the statute, and thus remanded: “[T]here is no requirement that a landlord engage in a process to arrive at its late fee so long as the fee is a reasonable estimate at the time of contracting of damages that are incapable of precise calculation. Therefore, the district court erred in interpreting section 92.019 and the case is remanded to the district court to determine if class certification is appropriate.”

A dissent saw matters differently: “That the plaintiffs all raised a common contention about how § 92.019 should be interpreted that is central to their claims for relief is sufficient reason for us to affirm class certification, and we do not have jurisdiction to review the district court’s partial summary judgment ruling on only the issue of liability at this stage in the litigation.” No. 18-50846 (Dec. 9, 2021).

Yes, it’s kind of a pain, and yes, it comes around every year. But you have a voice in the oft-cited “Super Lawyers” awards, and you can make it heard on the Super Lawyers’ website: Nominations are due by December 16, 2021.

The Fifth Circuit affirmed a default judgment against the Elephant Group when it “agree[d] with the district court that neither claimed defense suffices. The presentation of meritorious defenses requires ‘definite factual allegations, as opposed to mere legal conclusions.’ Legal conclusions were all that were presented.” Tango Marine v. Elephant Group, No. 21-10068 (Dec. 5, 2021) (citations omitted) (On rehearing in 2022, the Court withdrew this opinion.)

“Most of the time, to be sure, Rule 60(b) orders denying relief are final and appealable because ‘Rule 60(b) motions ordinarily are made only after the district court has disposed completely of the subject litigation.’  But this is not so when unresolved matters remain pending in the district court. Where there is no ‘effective termination[] of district-court proceedings, a denial of a Rule 60(b) motion is not final for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1291.” Gross v. Keen Group, No. 20-20594 (Dec. 2, 2021) (citations omitted).

“Louisiana residents can access Eastrock’s website, no less than residents of other states. But as our cases suggest, and as we now expressly hold, a defendant does not have sufficient minimum contacts with a forum state just because its website is accessible there. The defendant must also target the forum state by purposefully availing itself of the opportunity to do business in that state. And here, there is no evidence that Eastrock targets Louisiana: Eastrock has not sold a single accused product to a Louisiana resident, and it solicits no business there through targeted advertising. That ends this case.” Admar Int’l Inc. v. Eastrock LLC, No. 21-30098-CV (Nov. 19, 2021). (For reference, I think this is the current version of the website in question; the litigation involved the defendant’s alleged misuse of product images.)

A Louisiana-based defendant removed a class action brought by an individual citizen of Louisiana, contending that a co-defendant’s “non-diverse Louisiana citizenship could be disregarded because the [statutory] claims against [the co-defendant] were ‘improperly and egregiously misjoined’ with the assignment-based bad faith claim against the removing defendant.”

This concept — called “fraudulent misjoinder” and reliant upon state-law procedural rules — is distinct from the traditional concept of “improper joinder” (a/k/a “fraudulent joinder”), which focuses on the viability of the claim against the nondiverse defendant.

The panel majority in Williams v. Homeland Ins. Co., written by Judge Haynes and joined by Judge Ho, soundly rejected removal based on fraudulent misjoinder, emphasizing the doctrine’s practical consequences: “Adopting the fraudulent misjoinder doctrine will dramatically expand federal jurisdiction, putting the federal district courts in this circuit in the position of resolving procedural matters that are more appropriately resolved in state court—all without a clear statutory hook.” No. 20-30196 (Nov. 30, 2021).

A concurrence by Judge Ho emphasized the importance of the statutory text in rejecting the doctrine; a dissent by Judge Jones focused on “the unusual circumstances here, which bespeak obvious joinder machinations undertaken to avoid federal court.” (both opinions are in the above link). The trio of opinions suggests that this case may receive serious consideration for en banc review.

In a coverage dispute between two excess carriers, the Fifth Circuit observed: “At bottom, the allocation issue depends upon the sufficiency of Great American’s summary judgment evidence. To support its allocation theory and establish that the covered claims were worth at least $7 million, Great American submitted the affidavits of (1) Brent Anderson, Liberty Tire’s attorney in the Underlying Litigation, and (2) Carol Euwema, Great American’s lead adjuster for the relevant claims.” Great Am. Ins. Co. v. Employers Mut. Cas. Co. The trial court found those affidavits conclusive, but the Fifth Circuit disagreed; they provide good references for summary-judgment practice generally. No. 20-11113 (Nov. 17, 2021).

The question whether an insurance statute violated the Texas Constitution’s prohibition on “retroactive laws” presented a textbook case for certification in Fire Protection Service, Inc. v. Survitec Survival Prods, Inc.: “Beyond the closeness of the question and the dearth of on-point precedent, considerations of comity counsel in favor of certification.” No. 21-20145 (Nov. 22, 2021).