In T&W Holding Co. v. City of Kemah, the Fifth Circuit held that challenges to a municipal “zero-occupancy” order were ripe because the City had already taken a sufficiently final position by issuing the relevant notice, which immediately barred all use of the building.
Rejecting the district court’s view that a further City Council decision was required, the court emphasized that de facto finality exists where the government’s action leaves no doubt as to how the regulation applies to the property: “The City reached a sufficiently final position when the alleged taking occurred—specifically, when Shoaf issued the zero-occupancy notice,” and “[a]s soon as Shoaf posted the zero-occupancy notice, Plaintiffs lost all economic use of the building.” No.
24-40679; Nov. 21, 2025


